Businesses and Proprietorship - 2001 Words

Businesses are started every day, and each one is different in its own special way, but no matter what type of business it is, a sole proprietorship, a general or limited partnership, a C or S corporation, or a limited liability it will still be affected in some way by seven basic characteristics. The characteristics of business; liability, income tax, longevity or continuity, control, profit retention, location, and convenience or burden. In this paper a description of each business type and how they are affected by the seven characteristics of business will be given, showing the clear advantage and disadvantages of each type of business. Sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship is a business that has no legal separate existence from its owner. The characteristics that are the greatest advantages to this type of business are its freedoms. A sole proprietorship has complete control and decision-making power over the business. There are no corporate tax payments and profits are not shared; however income and losses are taxed on the individuals personal income tax return. And this brings me to the disadvantages of owning a sole proprietorship. Liability is the biggest; it falls solely on the owner of the business. In the event that penalties or debts have to be paid, payments come from the personal assets of the owner. The burdens that come with maintaining the business and the standards of it fall on the owner despite the number of employees. The success of theShow MoreRelated The History and Role of Accounting in Business Essays1533 Words   |  7 Pagesor Service Market Stakeholders are buyers of products or services and vendors to the business. Examples of Product or service market stakeholders are customers and suppliers. Government stakeholders have an interest in the economic performance of businesses, which in other words they collect taxes and fees from the business and its employees. Examples of these stakeholders are federal, state, and local governments. Internal stakeholders are people that are actually employed by the business or or ganizationRead MoreForms Of Businesses By Edgar Llamas1474 Words   |  6 Pages Forms of Businesses Edgar Llamas Business 101-30D September, 21 2014 â€Æ' Opening a business might seem like a difficult task to achieve. With many different forms, how is one to decide which is the best? People cannot start any type of businesses without know the five basic forms of businesses in the world. Whether it is to be your own boss, or to partner up with another person. It is an essential to know all the facts about each type before opening up a business. It is critical knowingRead MoreThe Legal Forms Of Business1329 Words   |  6 PagesFirst of all, there are three legal forms of business, which consist of sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. People can run a business in these three types of ways, which in some ways each type of business has its benefits and has its losses. Also, setting up a business needs to be planned out, and have expectations on how the business needs to run. People can’t just go out and start a business without having any plans. If a person did that, then that business would not last longRead Mor eComparing Types Of Business Ownership1331 Words   |  6 Pages Comparing Types of Businesses Name: Sabrina Bhinder Date: September 10th, 2014 In the space below, explain each of the following terms and provide an example. Forms of business ownership (5K marks) 1. Sole proprietorship †¢ A business that is just owned by only one person, who receives all the profit for everything. Example of a sole proprietorship can be a hairdresser that buys a chair for their business and can get customers directly for them. 2. Partnership †¢ WhenRead MoreBusiness Personal Liability Exposure Risk1513 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The running and operation of businesses poses the risks of loss and liability in the case of tort negligence or breach of contract. However, the business legal structure of a given organization greatly determines the risk of exposure to personal liability (Bevans, 2006). The paper investigates and compares the risk of exposure to personal liability in five business entities and explores how the risk can be mitigated. Business personal liability risk is classified as limited and unlimitedRead MoreThe Business Structures Of The United States1729 Words   |  7 Pagesmarket economy are sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, and Limited Liability Company. These business structures are the most popular business structures in the United States due to their great amount of success, but they all have their own positive and negative qualities. When founding a new business, there is always one question that arises: Which business structure is the most efficient? The oldest and basic business structure of all time is the sole proprietorship structure. It is alsoRead MoreThe Importance Of Business Structure1145 Words   |  5 Pagesreturns and they are taxed as the individual level (Steingold, 2015). In a sole proprietorship, the owner and the business are one-in-the-same. However, they are liable for any debts that the business accrues and put their personal assets at risk for the business’s liabilities (Johnson, 2015). Despite the liability associated with a sole proprietorship, it is still often the best choice for many small businesses because its simplicity and its inexpensive nature; most sole proprietors are unlikelyRead MoreDifferent Forms of Business: Exploring Definitions and Scenarios1029 Words   |  4 Pagesfar different than purchasing a new television from a nationally-operated chain. While many people understand that certain differences between these types of businesses exist, it is far less common for an individual to understand the specifics. The world of business is vast and varying, containing categories such as the sole proprietorship, the partnership, the limited liability partnership, the limited liability company, the s-corporation and franchise. In beginning to understand the differencesRead MoreWhy Is Raising Capital Critical For Success Of A Business?1478 Words   |  6 Pagescapital is critical to the success of a business. This is something you need more than little. Capital will be a businesses financial cushion. Investors, Banks, Credit Cards, grants or a simple loan from family is the start to gaining capital to start a business. This is critical when with no financial support you can be out of business. If you were to start any one of three types of businesses, and had access to all the resources needed, what kind would start and why? Services is a business I wouldRead MoreBusiness Impact Of Business On Business854 Words   |  4 Pagesorder to secure the future success of the business it is important to select, plan, and organize the ideal business that fits best. The sorts of business substance picked comprise of three regular structures know as sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation. Sole proprietorship is a business structure in which one can operate and work on its own. It is the most straightforward and fastest approach to set up an operation. Many sole owners do business under their own name and many others like

Essay on Cold war responsibility - 585 Words

Activity #4 – Essay â€Å"Truman was more responsible for the Cold War than Stalin was.† President Truman was convinced from the beginning that Stalin intended to take over countries based solely by the fact that there were communist parties present in them. France, Italy and even China, are perfect examples of this. And in the Greek civil war it wasn’t the USSR that was giving aid to the communists, it was Yugoslavia. It was obvious that Stalin had no major plans for any kind of global communist domination. But nevertheless, Truman placed the blame for the growing popularity of communism’s ‘political poison’ on Stalin, and convinced the American people to share his outlook. Without even looking at the fact that no USSR troops were in†¦show more content†¦President Truman in early July made a public show of sending three squadrons of B-29 bombers--the planes designated to carry atomic bombs--to England and Germany. The aircraft did not carry any atomic bombs, no one had any way of knowing that. In rushing the reconstruction of West Germany because of an irrational fear of communist takeover, Truman only increased hostility and moved the US into another war. He should have consulted more often with the Soviets on currency issues and industrial policy. The president exaggerated Berlins importance, and his tough posturing made the crisis last longer than necessary and increased the danger of armed conflict. It was not wise of him to publicly threaten the use of atomic weapons. Trumans actions were, in fact, reckless because they risked war over an area that possessed political rather than military significance. In the presidential election of November 1948, Truman polled twenty-four million votes to the Republican opposition’s twenty-two; Truman’s primary aim was to enhance national prestige and score a political victory. In conclusion, Truman was constantly ready with very strong charges against communism, but they were all misleading and misinforming. Truth, justice, international understanding, and peace – goals of decent people everywhere – are not served by dividing the world into quot;good guysquot; and quot;bad guys,quot; into saints and devils, into quot;free peoplesquot; and followers of anShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War : The United States Responsibility1919 Words   |  8 Pages Causes of the Cold War: The United States’ Responsibility Ravina Gautam HI 209- The United States Since 1877 Dr. Monod March 13, 2015 Gautam 1 This essay will be seeking to prove that the United States was responsible for starting the Cold War. Through consulting with 6 secondary literature sources, ample evidence will be drawn to effectively support the contention regarding the United States’ involvement. In How the Cold War Began, Amy Knight discusses the Gouzenko affairRead MoreEssay on Autonomy and Political Responsibility after the Cold War2592 Words   |  11 PagesAutonomy and Political Responsibility after the Cold War After World War II, Europe emerged as a continent torn between two very different political ideologies, Communism and Democracy. As the two major superpowers, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States, struggled to defend their respective governmental policies, the European Continent was caught in an intrinsic struggle to preserve the autonomy which had taken so long to achieve. During the Cold War, Eastern European nationsRead MoreOvercoming The Cold War Required Courage From The People1104 Words   |  5 PagesOvercoming the Cold War required courage from the people of Central and Eastern Europe and what was then the German Democratic Republic, but it also required the steadfastness of Western partner over many decades when many had long lost hope of integration of the two Germanys and Europe. (Angela Merkel- Read more at: https:// www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/a/angelamerk416808.html?src=t_cold_war.) But the Cold war was between the Soviet Union and the United States and how once they was united andRead More The Cold War Essay808 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was one of the most important political confrontations of the twentieth century, with the potential to wreak enormous damage to the world and its inhabitants. It began during the last stages of World War II when the alliances were crumbling and ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Cold War was the 20th centurys version of great power rivalry (except they were superpowers with the ability to annihilate each other with nuclear weapons at a moments notice.) From theRead MoreThe Role Of Women During Post War Period1508 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Women During the post-war period women were getting more opportunities and freedoms within society, while at the same time getting more limitations. Using one’s maternal instinct was a concept that was heavily stressed during this period and made a big impact on their home life and work life. The Cold War was a time where women had a lot of responsibilities to both their family but also society. They were the caretakers and had an incredible amount of work to do in preparation of nuclearRead MoreThe Cold War1120 Words   |  4 Pages Cold War In 1945 after WWII the United States and the Soviet Union became divided as far as how they felt Europe should be divided. This began the period of conflict called the Cold War. The Cold War was â€Å"a state of political hostility between countries characterized by threats, propaganda, and other measures short of open warfare†(dictionary.com).The USSR believed in communism, where the US believed in democracy. The US was between two potentially hostile nations, the US designed a BufferRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1233 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War is unique among war’s to be not a war between states, but a war between ideologies. The United States and other allies defend social democracy capitalism, as the pinnacle of freedom and equality; and the Soviet Union though communism was the pinnacle of equality. These ideologies manifested themselves through the superpowers, which caused the conflict between them. Both the United States, and the Soviet Uni on are to blame for the outbreak of the Cold War. The United State’s missionRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1462 Words   |  6 PagesWhen the term â€Å"Cold War† was popularised to refer to post-war tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, interpreting the course and origins of the conflict became a source of heated controversy among historians. In particular, who was responsible for the breakdown of Soviet-U.S. relations after the Second World War? During World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union were allied against the Axis powers. However, in the years that followed the end of World War II, the allianceRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union After World War II874 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a direct result of the feud between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II. Due to this feud both countries made alliances, Canada went with the United States as well as many other countries and together for med NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Following the influence and model of the United States’ social structure and capitalist economy, as well as the constant threat of nuclear warfare and communism, a new social structure was created within CanadaRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb1094 Words   |  5 Pagesknowledge. The hand in hand connection of the politics and world affairs at the time changed the playing field for scientists and knowledge. The world was in the midst of two world wars at this time period and mass killings were occurring. Most saw a need to end war more quickly to prevent further death. The responsibility for the atomic bomb ultimately lies in the hands of the scientists who created the bomb and the politics that occurred. Scientists and politics are to blame for the atomic bomb as

Holistic Nursing Free Essays

Holistic assessments in nursing provide a unique quality of care to the individual patient. Holism in the provision of care includes assessments obtaining data about the physiological, psychological, sociological, spiritual, developmental, cultural and environmental aspects. It is imperative that the nurse conducting these assessments adopts methods in the nursing process that reflects the standards outlined in Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse to ensure the health and wellbeing of the patient is maximized and maintained throughout the time health care is received. We will write a custom essay sample on Holistic Nursing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nursing processes are directed at restoring overall harmony for the patient therefore an understanding of the individual as a whole person must be assessed. During the nursing process, the nurse will perform the assessment, diagnose, plan, implement and evaluate the patient in an ongoing process. This essay will outline the importance of a holistic approach in nursing assessment and the importance assessment in the nursing process. ultural, spiritual and psychological aspects of the holistic assessment and the relevance of these components in the provision of care will be discussed and how AMNC standards apply to care in nursing. A holistic approach in nursing assessment establishes the patients’ physiological, psychological, sociological, spiritual, developmental, cultural and environmental aspects in their life. Obtaining data holistically is vital in assisting a patients’ ability to manage their symptoms and emotional status maximizing quality of life during the stag es of illness or health changes (Margereson Trenoweth 2009: 104). The aim of the holistic approach in nursing assessment is to establish the type of support and care required for the individual, developing a quality of care that assists their wellbeing as a whole person (Margereson Trenoweth 2009: 104). When assessing the patient it is important that the nurse â€Å"collects data that relates to physiological, psychological, spiritual, socio-economic and cultural variables on an ongoing basis† as outlined in ANMC competency 5. 1 (ANMC 2006, p. ). The ANMC competency is supported by, Margereson Trenoweth (2009:104), who describes the assessment process as ongoing and is determined by the changing needs of the patient, their family and their carer’s. Margereson Trenoweth (2009: 104) further describes that the holistic approach supports the patient to build psychological resilience and wellbeing, to maintain independence as well as developing care and support networks that is best suited to the individual. The holistic approach in nursing assessment provides the patient assistance in decision making, achieving goals, addressing needs and desires and can build on strengths (Margereson Trenoweth 2009: 104). Therefore, it is crucial to obtain data holistically in assessment to support and maximise the patients’ health and wellbeing. Assessment in the nursing process is an important aspect, as the information gathered enables a comprehensive response to the patients’ health status. It is important for the nurse to adopt an approach following the guidelines outlined in the ANMC, Domain 5, â€Å"Provision and coordination of care† (ANMC 2006, p. 8) to ensure preferences are met an accuracy is maintained when carrying out assessment. The nursing process is a cyclic method that involves assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing and evaluating (Kozier Erb 2012: 213). Kozier Erb (2012: p. 212-213) describes the nursing process as an overlapping lapping sequence that focuses on establishing the patients social, cultural, emotional, spiritual as well as physical needs. Assessment will establish this data as well as a patients’ health history, concerns, health status and their ability to manage their own health care needs (Kozier Erb: 213). Kozier Erb (2012: 212) also maintain that data collected in the assessment phase enables the patients’ lifestyle and routines to be incorporated into the care plan. Assessment is about collecting as much information as possible enabling problem solving throughout the nursing process. Assessment in the nursing process will establish the patients’ ongoing needs and provide a quality of care best suited to the individual, to achieve a desirable health outcome. Cultural aspects of holistic assessment is relevant in the provision of nursing care as it provides the care team with an overview of cultural needs of the patient as well as providing information in which the patients’ health problems have arisen. Culture is defined as values, beliefs, artifacts, behaviors, attitudes and customs influencing and regulating interactions between members of a social group (Stein-Parbury 2010: 91; Johnstone 2006: 67). It is the nurses responsibility to adhere to the ANMC, competency 2. 3, ‘accepts individuals/groups to whom care is provided regardless of race, culture, religion, age, gender, sexual preference, physical or mental state’ (ANMC 2006, p. 4). Kozier Erb (2012: 360) discuss that cultural sensitivity, appropriateness, competency and safety are all factors that are required to be taken into consideration so that the patient can be provided with the best possible health care. Kozier Erb (2012: 360) also explain that conflicts in health care have been apparent due to cultural misunderstandings. An example of a cultural misunderstanding is the level of pain. In some cultures, it is normal to dramatically express ones level of pain whereas in other cultures people do not complain when in pain (Stein-Parbury 2010: 94). Culture is also an important aspect as it can explain nutrition, environmental and home status and level of education ( Kozier Erb: 360) which all relate to the provision of care to be given. The holistic assessment of a patients cultural aspects enable the best suitable approach in the provision of care, upholding the patients’ rights, addressing their needs and minimizing misunderstandings. Spiritual needs are often emphasized in times of ill health or other health related crisis therefore it is imperative that spirituality of the patient is understood in order to maximize provision of care. Kozier Erb (2012: 1154) define spirituality as a way in which a person lives their life, bound in beliefs and values and how their own meaning or perception is viewed. A holistic assessment will determine the spiritual needs of the patient to enable the nurse to respond appropriately to the patient whilst adhering to ANMC, competency 9. 5, ‘Facilitates a physical, psychosocial, cultural and spiritual environment that promotes individual/group safety and security’ (ANMC 2006, p. 12). Narayanasamy (2009:886-890), describes spirituality as a fundamental aspect in holistic assessment as it can promote the patients mind, body and spirit as well as determining there state of mind in relation to spiritual distress such as loss of hope. Spirituality is an important part of the healing process as it can provide comfort, reduce suffering and assist in the physical and mental healing of the patient (Kozier Erb 2012: 1154). Kozier Erb (2012: 1155) state that the nurse who attends to their own spiritual needs is able to assist others and have a better understanding of the patients spiritual needs. Therefore, the provision of care will be heightened and the spiritual needs of the patient can be addressed in a holistic assessment. Psychological aspects of mind-body interactions are of great importance in the holistic assessment process in order to provide provision of care. The nurse is obligated to follow ANMC, competency 5. 1 ‘Uses a relevant evidence-based assessment framework to collect data and the physical socio-cultural and mental health of the individual/group’ (ANMC 2006, p. 8). Kozier Erb (2012:345), explain that mind-body interactions can have a good or ill effect on the body for example, stress can lead to an altered body function such as an increased urinary frequency. Assessment of psychological status is imperative to establish the correct provision of care to be provided. Kozier Erb (2012: 345) maintain that the minds ability to influence health status is receiving more attention and treatments such as relaxation techniques are being more commonly used to combat symptoms of stress. Illnesses have the ability to create emotional responses as well such as fear and depression, therefore the nurse must take into consideration these variables when conducting an holistic assessment to provide quality care to the patient. Holism in the provision of care is imperative to maintain in the nursing process. Holistic assessments carried out are unique and individual for each patient. This can be obtained in the nursing process by gathering data holistically by assessing the physiological, psychological, sociological, spiritual, developmental, cultural and environmental aspects of the patient. A better understanding of the patients’ needs and requirements for care can be developed to provide health restoration in the best possible manner suited to the individual. The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse outlines the requirements for nurses to follow to ensure health care is delivered at the highest standard. References Australian Nursing Midwifery Council 2006, National Competency Standards For The Registered Nurse, 4th edn, viewed 2 September 2012, . Berman, A et al. , 2012, Kozier and Erb’s fundamentals of nursing, Australian adaptation, 2nd edn, Pearson, Sydney. Ellis, HK Narayanasamy, A 2009, ‘An Investigation into the Role of Spirituality in Nursing’, British Journal of Nursing, Vol. 18, No. 14, pp. 886-890. Johnstone, M 2006, Bioethics: a nursing perspective, Elsevier Australia, Marrickville, NSW. Margereson, C Trenoweth, S 2009, Developing Holistic Care for Long-term Conditions, Routledge, New York. Stein-Parbury, J 2009, Patient and Person: Interpersonal Skills in Nursing, 4th edn, Elsevier, Marrickville. How to cite Holistic Nursing, Papers

Big Bang Effect Essay Example For Students

Big Bang Effect Essay Big Bang EffectIt is always a mystery about how the universe began, whether if and when it will end. Astronomers construct hypotheses called cosmological models that try to find the answer. There are two types of models: Big Bang and Steady State. However, through many observational evidences, the Big Bang theory can best explain the creation of the universe. The Big Bang model postulates that about 15 to 20 billion years ago, the universe violently exploded into being, in an event called the Big Bang. Before the Big Bang, all of the matter and radiation of our present universe were packed together in the primeval fireballan extremely hot dense state from which the universe rapidly expanded.1 The Big Bang was the start of time and space. The matter and radiation of that early stage rapidly expanded and cooled. Several million years later, it condensed into galaxies. The universe has continued to expand, and the galaxies have continued moving away from each other ever since. Today the universe is still expanding, as astronomers have observed. The Steady State model says that the universe does not evolve or change in time. There was no beginning in the past, nor will there be change in the future. This model assumes the perfect cosmological principle. This principle says that the universe is the same everywhere on the large scale, at all times.2 It maintains the same average density of matter forever. There are observational evidences found that can prove the Big Bang model is more reasonable than the Steady State model. First, the redshifts of distant galaxies. Redshift is a Doppler effect which states that if a galaxy is moving away, the spectral line of that galaxy observed will have a shift to the red end. The faster the galaxy moves, the more shift it has. If the galaxy is moving closer, the spectral line will show a blue shift. If the galaxy is not moving, there is no shift at all. However, as astronomers observed, the more distance a galaxy is located from Earth, the more redshift it shows on the spectrum. This means the further a galaxy is, the faster it moves. Therefore, the universe is expanding, and the Big Bang model seems more reasonable than the Steady State model. The second observational evidence is the radiation produced by the Big Bang. The Big Bang model predicts that the universe should still be filled with a small remnant of radiation left over from the original violent explosion of the primeval fireball in the past. The primeval fireball would have sent strong shortwave radiation in all directions into space. In time, that radiation would spread out, cool, and fill the expanding universe uniformly. By now it would strike Earth as microwave radiation. In 1965 physicists Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson detected microwave radiation coming equally from all directions in the sky, day and night, all year.3 And so it appears that astronomers have detected the fireball radiation that was produced by the Big Bang. This casts serious doubt on the Steady State model. The Steady State could not explain the existence of this radiation, so the model cannot best explain the beginning of the universe. Since the Big Bang model is the better model, the existence and the future of the universe can also be explained. Around 15 to 20 billion years ago, time began. The points that were to become the universe exploded in the primeval fireball called the Big Bang. The exact nature of this explosion may never be known. However, recent theoretical breakthroughs, based on theprinciples of quantum theory, have suggested that space, and thematter within it, masks an infinitesimal realm of utter chaos,where events happen randomly, in a state called quantumweirdness.4Before the universe began, this chaos was all there was. At some time, a portion of this randomness happened to form a bubble, with a temperature in excess of 10 to the power of 34 degrees Kelvin. Being that hot, naturally it expanded. For an extremely brief and short period, billionths of billionths of a second, it inflated. At the end of the period of inflation, the universe may have a diameter of a few centimetres. The temperatur e had cooled enough for particles of matter and antimatter to form, and they instantly destroy each other, producing fire and a thin haze of matter-apparently because slightly more matter than antimatter was formed.5 The fireball, and the smoke of its burning, was the universe at an age of trillionth of a second. .u7c48038f3e3dfdcc85264c5a517448c8 , .u7c48038f3e3dfdcc85264c5a517448c8 .postImageUrl , .u7c48038f3e3dfdcc85264c5a517448c8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7c48038f3e3dfdcc85264c5a517448c8 , .u7c48038f3e3dfdcc85264c5a517448c8:hover , .u7c48038f3e3dfdcc85264c5a517448c8:visited , .u7c48038f3e3dfdcc85264c5a517448c8:active { border:0!important; } .u7c48038f3e3dfdcc85264c5a517448c8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7c48038f3e3dfdcc85264c5a517448c8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7c48038f3e3dfdcc85264c5a517448c8:active , .u7c48038f3e3dfdcc85264c5a517448c8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7c48038f3e3dfdcc85264c5a517448c8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7c48038f3e3dfdcc85264c5a517448c8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7c48038f3e3dfdcc85264c5a517448c8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7c48038f3e3dfdcc85264c5a517448c8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7c48038f3e3dfdcc85264c5a517448c8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7c48038f3e3dfdcc85264c5a517448c8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7c48038f3e3dfdcc85264c5a517448c8 .u7c48038f3e3dfdcc85264c5a517448c8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7c48038f3e3dfdcc85264c5a517448c8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Scarlet Letter Literary Criticism EssayThe temperature of the expanding fireball dropped rapidly, cooling to a few billion degrees in few minutes. Matter continued to condense out of energy, first protons and neutrons, then electrons, and finally neutrinos. After about an hour, the temperature had dropped below a billion degrees, and protons and neutrons combined and formed hydrogen, deuterium, helium. In a billion years, this cloud of energy, atoms, and neutrinos had cooled enough for galaxies to form. The expanding cloud cooled still further until today, its temperature is a couple of degrees above absolute zero. In the future, the universe may end up in two possible situations. From the initial Big Bang, the universe attained a speed of expansion. If that speed is greater than the universes own escape velocity, then the universe will not stop its expansion. Such a universe is said to be open. If the velocity of expansion is slower than the escape velocity, the universe will eventually reach the limit of its outward thrust, just like a ball thrown in the air comes to the top of its arc, slows, stops, and starts to fall. The crash of the long fall may be the Big Bang to the beginning of another universe, as the fireball formed at the end of the contraction leaps outward in another great expansion.6 Such a universe is said to be closed, and pulsating. If the universe has achieved escape velocity, it will continue to expand forever. The stars will redden and die, the universe will be like a limitless empty haze, expanding infinitely into the darkness. This space will become even emptier, as the fundamental particles of matter age, and decay through time. As the years stretch on into infinity, nothing will remain. A few primitive atoms such as positrons and electrons will be orbiting each other at distances of hundreds of astronomical units.7 These particles will spiral slowly toward each other until touching, and they will vanish in the last flash of light. After all, the Big Bang model is only an assumption. No one knows for sure that exactly how the universe began and how it will end. However, the Big Bang model is the most logical and reasonable theory to explain the universe in modern science. ENDNOTES1. Dinah L. Mache, Astronomy, New York: John Wiley Sons,Inc., 1987. p. 128. 2. Ibid., p. 130. 3. Joseph Silk, The Big Bang, New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1989. p. 60. 4. Terry Holt, The Universe Next Door, New York: CharlesScribners Sons, 1985. p. 326. 5. Ibid., p. 327. 6. Charles J. Caes, Cosmology, The Search For The Order OfThe Universe, USA: Tab Books Inc., 1986. p. 72. 7. John Gribbin, In Search Of The Big Bang, New York: BantamBooks, 1986. p. 273. BIBLIOGRAPHYBoslough, John. Stephen Hawkings Universe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980. Caes, J. Charles. Cosmology, The Search For The Order Of The Universe. USA: Tab Books Inc., 1986. Gribbin, John. In Search Of The Big Bang. New York: Bantam Books, 1986. Holt, Terry. The Universe Next Door. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1985. Kaufmann, J. William III. Astronomy: The Structure Of The Universe. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1977. Mache, L. Dinah. Astronomy. New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc., 1987. Silk, Joseph. The Big Bang. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1989. Words/ Pages : 1,285 / 24