Moral and Ethical Concepts in Nursing

Good and moral ideas structure a benchmark into the exercises of the human services profession.â The conventionality of the calling is endorsed and characterized by the fundamental modalities of calling good and morals in its jurisdiction.â Through moral and good boundaries in the nursing calling we will attempt to expand phenomenological perspective that would characterize the extent of the wrongs and rights saw inside the unearthly boondocks of the issue. Maybe, the current pattern in the therapy is one of the nursing medicinal services gives that have proliferated the energy for different moral and good issues.â By its temperament, analysis attracts a nearby equivalent to the field of psychotherapy.â The issue of therapy requires an expansive space into moral codes of guidelines and prerequisites as represented by the morals into the control of social work, brain research, advising and psychiatry. The rudiments of analysis are to plan treatment to its casualties who are subject of scatters or even sick wellbeing because of mental issues. As a confusion in this manner, sufficiency into morals and ethics of the characterizing subject are significant. (Bricklayer, et al, 39) Moral social insurance issues are differing. These incorporate awful choices by patients, multifaceted nature into the connections of the family over that of suffering.â These will have different impacts to the social insurance specialists. Maybe, multifaceted nature into the family connections is an essential moral issue that has unfurled different issues of worry in to the nursing profession.â Currently, enduring has not been a sole issue working between the patient and the social insurance official (nurture), However, a similar enduring has been the foundation of different related mental issues gave to the expansive family. From the medicinal services measurement, the relationship has differently changed to join different moral components of their debilitated people.â a similar relatives have likewise invited contrastingly the assorted human services the executives arrangement inside the general public. To the medical caretakers, connections multifaceted nature inside the families has been a principal influence into the difference in the expert roles.â Beyond, their action of giving medicinal services backing to the wiped out people, these individuals have coordinated the polished methodologies to fuse techniques that looks to offer a help for the wide family loopholes.â Nurses have continually gone about as significant organs of the general society where different medical problems have lead to an adjustment in the jobs of the relatives. Distinctive mental issue, for example, sick wellbeing of the relatives and changing social structures of the general public have just attempted to carry a change into the previous condition of the family to an increasingly perplexing one. Â As social instructors, medical caretakers, have not neglected this moral issue however have changed their assurance of administration to try and join advising, therapy and psychotherapy issues for the mind boggling family. Somewhere else, multifaceted nature in the family connections has attempted to bring different wellbeing issue and illnesses.â Due to the pressure factors borne by individuals from complex families, these individuals will be invested by different disorders.â From the premise of this comprehension, the job of the attendant in lessening the symptoms of unpredictability in families has never been over looked.â Many worldwide conditions with which medical caretakers can give social and mental treatments to such confused or discouraged people from the family foundations. These treatments have included the reconciliation into different psychotherapy morals, for example, psychiatry social work and family advising to the people in question. Various governments have justified by giving effective structures to this turn of events. (Bricklayer, et al, 24) Subsequently in this way, the job of the medical attendants have transformed from the previous essential medicinal services movement to the wiped out and coordinated into giving treatments to the social orders as a critical strategy for lessening different clutters and furthermore ailments. The movement educational program is additionally changing to fuse strategies which the medical attendants ought to sufficiently utilize to encourage such treatments Work refered to. Bricklayer, T, et al. Shame and Social Exclusion in Health Care. London, Routledge, 2001 Â

People have become overly dependent on technology Free Essays

The World Wide Web is a gigantic world that ought to be controlled. The Internet has numerous focal points and disservices. It is either to be a helpful apparatus or to be a hurtful weapon. We will compose a custom exposition test on Individuals have gotten excessively reliant on innovation or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now The Internet had numerous impacts and symptoms in the public activity, Safety and furthermore buying or shopping. On the off chance that it was controlled every one of those will be vastly improved and life will be simpler. Notwithstanding, on the off chance that it was uncontrolled that will prompt tremendous issues. The serene device will change over to be a hurtful weapon. It won’t slaughter people yet I will execute countries and societies. To start with, the Internet had built up the showing techniques and made the training uch simpler and better. The understudy can search up for any subject that he need in the web and It will Just spring up to him. It is better than alluding to books. Web will take you seconds to discover explicit data, while books may take hours and day to gaze upward on them. The understudy homework’s, assignments and activities likewise expect him to utilize Internet. The understudies and children are absolutely ready to search in the mood for anything in the Internet, so that can prompt one of two things. In the first place, Either the children will utilize that to improve their aptitudes, information and they will find the innovation. Second, they will begin to search up for explicit media and it will be anything but difficult to acquire. It will crush a ton of their folks work. They may fiend web based games as a large portion of the children in this time. This will cause them their public activity. They wont have the option to make companions or to contribute with anybody. They won't feel that they are incorrect until they grew up and become grown-ups. In that time they will see that they have no companions or anybody around him. It will be extremely hard in that opportunity to recuperate what he did. Also that the children who remain a great deal in the Internet they got a few issues. They will have torment in their packs and in their grasp. This agony will be seen after they grew up. In any case, they will feel that their eyes are getting more fragile with time. It is the primary explanation behind why an excessive number of individuals are wearing glasses in nowadays. They ought to be edited in what they see, to what extent they set before their PCs or workstations and how they set. Second, The Internet can be utilized by governments to guarantee the wellbeing. It is a device that the administrations can use to recognize the weird cases and stop them immediately. There were a few cases those fear based oppressor utilized messages to get in touch with one another. In the event that their messages were controlled and under the administration eyes they would likely spare human lives. Governments ought to likewise watch the content kneading and moment rubbing such â€Å"WhatsApp† or â€Å"skype† in light of the fact that it might used to get ready for something. In the event that administrations work more diligently in the media transmission security side, they would accomplish numerous things that they are attempting to do by different strategies. They may recognize a psychological militant or likewise a homicide clear, these things ought not be disregarded. Other savvy we will watch another sort of psychological oppressor that is more insane than the past ones. Third, There are types ot hoodlums and fear monger. In nowadays the more awful sort ot it is the programmer. There are a great deal of programmers in this time. Those programmers may do little things such hacking an email. They additionally may do enormous things like attempting to hack a monetary sites and take the cash from it. There are many individuals who shops in the Internet and they are for the most part apprehensive from the programmers or the phony site. Since they Just fill in their Visa data. They will discover that they were taken. There are many phony sites and programmers that utilization Internet to pick up cash. The colossal what programmers can do is attempting to take a bank. In the event that legislature don't make sure about banks, individuals cash will Just vanish. All the money related sites ought to be made sure about and constrained by the legislature so no body get taken. At long last, The Internet can be an exceptionally helpful apparatus to create and to carry on with a superior life. In any case, this can never be except if that the Internet was made sure about and under the administration eyes. I trust that individuals comprehend the importance of the Internet and how destructive would it be able to be. I additionally trust that individuals see how a valuable it is in the event that it was utilized appropriately. Instructions to refer to People have gotten excessively subject to innovation, Essays Individuals Have Become Overly Dependent on Technology Free Essays People have been known as the creatures which make things, and at no time in history has this been so evident as the present. Today, every human action is needy upon different apparatuses, machines, and frameworks, from developing food to giving sanctuary to correspondence, social insurance, and amusement. A few machines, similar to the tractor, accelerate and make increasingly productive exercises that people have accomplished for a huge number of years. We will compose a custom exposition test on Individuals Have Become Overly Dependent on Technology or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now Others, for example, the plane or the Internet, make potential things that people have never had the option to do. This assortment of gadgets, abilities, and the information that goes with them is called innovation. We can say that â€Å"living without innovation resembles living without air† in this specialized universe of today. Along these lines, we are a lot of subject to innovation. Extensively, innovation is the manner by which individuals alter the world to suit their own motivations. From the Greek word techne, which means craftsmanship or stratagem or art, innovation actually implies the demonstration of making or creating, however more by and large it alludes to the assorted assortment of procedures and information that individuals use to stretch out human capacities and to fulfill human needs and needs. Innovation has been going on since people originally framed a cutting edge from a bit of stone, tackled fire, or hauled a sharp stick over the ground to make a wrinkle for planting seeds, yet today it exists to a degree extraordinary ever. Planes, prepares, and cars convey individuals and load here and there at high speeds. Phones, TV, and PC systems assist individuals with speaking with others over the road or around the globe. Clinical advancements, from antibodies to Stem Cell treatment, permit individuals to live more, more beneficial lives. 00 years prior people’s normal time of death was from 40 to 45. Be that as it may, presently it’s 75. Moreover, innovation is advancing even at this very moment, with new advances being made and existing advances being improved and broadened. The advantages of innovation are normally self-evident, on the off chance that they were not, it would most likely never be grown, however the drawbacks and threats are frequently covered u p. An ideal model is chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs. At the point when CFCs were designed, nobody understood that these synthetic substances utilized as refrigerants would inevitably harm the ozone layer. Today, the Internet is effectsly affecting society, how individuals cooperate and speak with each other, how they do their business, and how they get their amusement and entertainment, yet nobody knows precisely what's in store from it in future. PCs make our lives simpler and give us better approaches to find out about the things we’re keen on. They make it conceivable to do numerous things from the solace of our own home †we can shop on the web, stay in contact with our companions on the web, even go to class on the web. They make it simpler to record and sort out data and engage us with an almost interminable assortment of games. Nonetheless, it’s still essential to keep up an actual existence outside of the digital world; a real existence spent appended to a PC screen isn’t a reality. At the point when a PC turns into the main issue of a person’s life, they experience an adjustment in conduct; they become lethargic and create hostile to social inclinations, and, in some serious cases, basically can't work without a PC. A few people say that we are not so much subject to innovation. We can live without the innovation. Our precursors did it, so why can’t we? I would pose these inquiries: When was the last time you tackle math issues without utilizing mini-computer? When was the last time you went to library to discover data as opposed to looking from web? Additionally time has changed since our progenitors time. Has innovation truly assumed control over our lives this much? Where we can’t go 2 minutes without checking our telephone to check whether we have a book? Where we can’t go a day or two without checking our email, and facebook? We can’t even stroll over a grounds without seeing an understudy on the telephone, PC or tuning in to their iPods. This makes it especially significant that individuals comprehend and are OK with the ideas and activities of present day innovation. Today’s individuals, including me, have gotten socially incompetent and excessively subject to innovation. Presently this isn’t intended to be an abhor innovation string, since innovation truly can be great now and again. From an individual viewpoint, individuals advantage both at work and at home by having the option to pick the best items for their motivations, to work the items appropriately, and to investigate them when something turns out badly. Also, from a cultural outlook, an educated populace improved the odds that choices about the utilization of innovation will be made objectively and capably. Yet, here and there we pay attention to innovation as well, and rely upon it to an extreme. On the off chance that your PC breaks, don’t get pissed about it. In the event that the Internet goes down, it’s not the apocalypse. In the event that your telephone is broken, don’t execute yourself. Also, pose this inquiry from yourself: How long can you â€Å"survive† without innovation? Instructions to refer to People Have Become Overly Dependent on Technology, Essays

International trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Global exchange - Essay Example At last, it remarks on the legitimacy of the model and its suggestions in today’s world. Before examining the substance of the model, it is critical to know the assumptionson which the model is based. As of now examined this model expect that there are two nations creating two merchandise, having two homogeneous components of creation. It is additionally expected that advancements winning in the two nations are indistinguishable. Creation of the two items complies with the states of consistent comes back to scale. One of the two wares utilizes one of the two elements of creation all the more seriously in contrast with the other. The presence of immaculate rivalry is accepted in the two products and factor markets. Factor versatility wins inside a similar nation however not among various nations. Tastes are likewise viewed as comparable between the two nations. At last, it is accepted that there are no exchange boundaries and no expenses brought about for transportation. The Heckscher-Ohlin hypothesis expresses that a capital bounteous nation sends out items which are cap ital escalated and the nation which is work bottomless fares wares trades work concentrated products. This model has been clarified with the assistance of a graph. The nation which is sending out is alluded as the remote nation and the nation bringing in is alluded to as the nation of origin. It is expected that the nation of origin and the outside nation is sending out item 1 and 2 individually. At that point, as indicated by the supposition, the nation of origin sends out great 1, while the great 2 is sent out by the remote nation. To demonstrate this, a specific instance of factor enrichment contrast is thought of, L/K > L*/K*, and it is likewise accepted that work gifts in the two nations stay indistinguishable. Along these lines, L = L*. The capital gift in the outside nation surpasses that in the nation of origin, for example K > K*. So as to decide the

The Importance of Marriage in Jane Austens Novels - Literature Essay Samples

Marriage is at the heart of every Jane Austen novel, or, at the very least, at the end of them, as every one of Austen’s heroines find themselves at ‘The End’ with a husband, a fortune and lifelong happiness. In reality, however, women often had to make a choice between love and money and hope that lifelong happiness would follow, and while popular opinion favoured ‘love and esteem’, many conduct manuals of the period instructed that ‘self preservation above inclination’ would ensure marital bliss (Jones, 2009, p. 1, 11). Marriage, therefore, was incredibly important to young ladies as it could destroy or secure future contentment, and to Austen, the importance of marriage can be considered threefold, in terms of its importance to society, to the individual and its importance in terms of morality and virtue. In Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility, marriage is important as a means of socioeconomic mobility, an exploration of mora lity and ‘proper’ conduct and as a social contract that affects the wider community. â€Å"She found herself at nineteen, submitting to new attachments, entering on new duties, placed in a new home, a wife, the mistress of a family, and the patroness of a village.† Sense and Sensibility, Chapter 50 When Marianne married Colonel Brandon, she not only gained a husband and a fortune but numerous social and domestic responsibilities and would have been expected and encouraged to adopt a new role within society, Elizabeth would have faced similar duties in Derbyshire as Mrs Darcy (Jones, 2009, p. 136). Interestingly, the liveliest heroines of these novels become the wives who happily take on the most social responsibility, in this way, Austen presents marriage in a realistic practical context and criticizes elopement as it fails meet the important demands of the wider community, in contrast, Lydia’s decision to run away with Wickham is presented as foolish and irresponsible (Sundari, 2015). The practical and proper marriages of the heroines in these novels brings joy to both their families and to the wider community, and for women of the period, marriage was a means of participating in society in a meaningful sense (Jones, 2009, p. 136). However, the legitimacy and propriety of Marianne’s marriage in Sense and Sensibility is juxtaposed with the passionate attachment she had with Willoughby and the unfortunate marriage of Brandon’s cousin Eliza who succumbed to social expectations and faced ruination for it. While Marianne’s decision to marry Brandon and take practical steps towards contributing to society rather than uphold her earlier ideals and remain unmarried may not seem to be a ‘happy ending’ from an objective standpoint, Austen describes Marianne as â€Å"as much devoted to her husband as [she] had once been to Willoughby†, and as such prioritizes a socially beneficial and companionate approach to marriage (Galperin, 2003, p. 110). Importantly, Marianne makes a choice to enter society through marriage, whereas Eliza is coerced into a disastrous marriage with Brandon’s brother with consequences seemingly taken directly from a moralist pamphlet, here Austen makes a distinction between marriages that have the advantage of being socially advantageous and marriages that purely exist for this purpose (Jones, 2009, p. 139). Of course, not every one of Austen’s marriages that is purely socially or socioeconomically motivated fails so dramatically, Charlotte’s marriage to Collins is entirely contractual and operates with no dire consequences to either party or their community, but is, comparatively not as successful as Elizabeth’s marriage to Darcy. In this sense, Pride and Prejudice is a far more idealistic novel than Sense and Sensibility in its depiction of marriage as a union of the individual and society (Poovey, 1984, p. 17). â€Å"Single women have a dreadful propensity for being poor, which is one very strong argument in favour of matrimony† Jane Austen, Letter to Fanny Knight Sense and Sensibility is also comparably candid when it comes to the importance of marrying for money, especially in the eyes of the heroines who are acutely aware that they need to marry well to stave off destitution. With no relatives willing to support Elinor and Marianne, they are required to marry above their station as they have no means of earning money for themselves. Fortunately, Austen and moralists of the day agreed that ‘inequality of wealth’ is not a hinderence to marriage so long as the other party is mutual in character (Jones, 2009, p. 9). This is true of Elizabeth and Jane and Elinor and Marianne who are held in high esteem by their communities but interestingly the mercenary men in these novels tend to be presented as anything but worthy of the wealthy women they prey upon. These men, like Austen’s heroines, need to marry to live a comfortable life, whereas, the single men in possession of good fortunes, while they may be in want of a wife, are n ot in need of a wife. However, the heroines are not predatory and motivated purely by money as the men seem to be, in fact, Elizabeth’s refusal of two well-to-do suitors is the antithesis of Wickham’s preying upon two wealthy young women, and while Darcy’s 10,000 a year is not inconsequential, it is not as important to Austen as mutual regard and affection even at the risk of a ‘penny-scraping existence’ (Jones, 2009, p. 11). However, Austen is a realist, and perhaps even a cynic inasmuch as she is a romantic, and every one of her heroines in need of socioeconomic mobility is provided with it, and Mrs Bennet’s life goal to marry off her daughters, while seemingly silly, is an important one in order to assure the happiness of her family. â€Å"Oh, Lizzy! Do anything rather than marry without affection.† Pride and Prejudice, Chapter 59 Interestingly, marriages to Austen are important as means of rewarding and punishing behaviour, and the happiest marriages to Austen are symbiotic unions based on mutual strength of character and are earned after ‘hard work, perseverance, love and luck’ (Sundari, 2015). The importance of marriage is most prominent here, particularly, the importance of carefully seeking a complementary partner. Elizabeth and Jane’s parents are terribly matched, as her father does not respect the woman he married after being â€Å"dazzled by youth, vivacity and beauty†, their daughters are far more cautious, perhaps too cautious according to Charlotte, but nonetheless, rewarded for their virtue and judgement (Jones, 2009, p. 21). Women in the period had little autonomy except in regards to marriage, and Austen sagely elevates this decision beyond mere physical compatibility, Lydia makes her choice too quickly, based on passion and must endure a life of Wickham’s gambli ng and philandering (Jones, 2009, p. 157). Marianne’s marriage to Brandon whom she was not initially attracted to mirrors Lydia’s elopement with Wickham and her own feelings towards Willoughby, if she had remained with Willoughby would she have remained happy once the physical attraction had worn off, or would Willoughby have followed in Wickham’s footsteps and sought other companions leaving Marianne powerless? (Jones, 2009, p. 157). Once married, women forfeited most of their autonomy and were at the mercy of their husbands, Austen stresses the importance of an informed and measured decision. The ‘ideal’ central marriages in each novel are challenged and strengthened by the marriages of the supporting characters throughout. The loveless union of the Collins’ provides the setting for Elizabeth’s refusal of Darcy, just as the well matched Gardiners serve as Elizabeth’s guide as she enters into a more civil relationship with him at Pemberley. Elinor contemplates the impact of unhappy marriages at length as the ludicrous pairing of the Palmers sets the stage for her learning of Lucy and Edward’s engagement and lamenting his assured future misery. Through this, Elinor comes to realize that many men are taken in by beautiful but stupid women and spend their lives paying for it, this is a theme reflected in both novels and through Elinor’s sound and sensible judgement, Austen explores the potential for even intelligent people, like Edward and Mr Bennet, to make bad decisions when it comes to marriage (Jones, 2009, p. 147). These â €˜less than perfect’ marriages are part and parcel of Austen’s novels and Austen seems to suggest that it is important to be circumspect during courtship and that â€Å"extreme feelings were transient and could not be maintained† but that compatibility in marriage required affection, mutual respect and complimentary temperaments (Jones, 2003, p. 146). Marriage, to Austen, is important because it is the means by which her heroines achieve happiness and fulfilment, a balanced and well considered marriage provides her heroines with a strong social support network, good socioeconomic standing and a symbiotic union of like-minded and loving people. Austen’s novels provide insight and sophisticated social commentary about the role and importance of marriage in society that is still relevant, and while seemingly ‘counter-conduct’ provides sound and reasonable moral instruction to her readers in their own romantic endeavours. Beyond these ‘higher’ more complex uses, Austen understood the importance of marriage at the end of a romance novel as a reward for perseverance and good behaviour and a potential source of joy and misery for the unscrupulous and foolhardy. REFERENCES Galperin, W. (2003). The historical Austen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Jones, H. (2009). Jane Austen and marriage. London: Continuum. Pemberley.com,. (2015). Jane Austen Letters Brabourne Edition Letters to Fanny Knight, 1814-1816. Retrieved 27 April 2015, from http://www.pemberley.com/janeinfo/brablt15.html#toc Poovey, M. (1984). The proper lady and the woman writer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Sundari, S. P. G. (2015, January). The theme of love and marriage in Jane Austens novels: Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility. Language In India, 15(1), 101+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.ecu.edu.au/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA404830583v=2.1u=cowanit=rp=AONEsw=wasid=cd6d68a07c678c7339f5fc1304048214

A Dismiss Affirmative Action - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2103 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Affirmative Action Essay Did you like this example?   Race relations, including that of affirmative action, have arguably been the most divisive and hotly contested issue in contemporary American politics. Many people feel that affirmative action is necessary to either counteract injustices or ensure the advancement of certain minorities. Affirmative action proponents generally point to four justifications; namely, these are racism, poverty, diversity, and underrepresentation in higher office positions. However, there is evidence to show that affirmative action has become a form of discrimination in and of itself through college acceptance rates and workplace quotas. Affirmative Action is an archaic government program that caters to those that are longer in need of help based on evidence that is no longer accurate or relevant. The process of adjusting the playing field through affirmative action might do more harm than good and muddy, instead of fix, the racial picture. One of the best articulations of this point comes from a story told by Clarence Thomas, which is related to us in an essay by Juan Williams in his essay A Question of Fairness: Thomas told me a story from his boyhood to illustrate what fairness means to him. He was on the back porch, playing blackjack for pennies with some other boys. As the game went on, one boy kept winning. Thomas finally saw how: the cards were marked. The game was stopped. There were angry words. Cards were thrown. From all sides, fast fists snatched back lost money. There could be no equitable redistribution of the pot. The strongest, fastest hands, including those of the boy who had been cheating, got most of the pile of pennies. Some of the boys didnt get their money back. The cheater was threatened. The boys who snatched pennies that they had not lost were also threatened. But no one really wanted to fight they wanted to keep playing cards. So a different deck was brought out and shuffled, and the game resumed with a simple promise of no more cheating.(Williams 5) Williams explains how Thomas felt that story is like race relations in America. The end of the cheating, according to Thomas, was the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Dismiss Affirmative Action" essay for you Create order The dispute now is how and whether the government should return the pennies to their rightful owners, generally seen as minorities including blacks, Hispanics, Women, and Native Americans (Williams 5) If whites, the majority, living today were the equivalent of the boy who had the marked deck or the older boys who had stolen the pennies, then the answer to this dilemma would be easier. However, the vast majority if not all whites living today received little to no benefit from either slavery or segregation. In fact, most Americans and their ancestors immigrated to America many years after the end of slavery, themselves both uneducated and poor. These other immigrant groups didnt use or need government programs in order for them to get along economically. While not denying that minorities have been cheated, one must acknowledge that, as previously established, whites in America today bear little resemblance to the hooligans at the card game. This is especially true since many white im migrants were far more likely to be discriminated against themselves by those who benefited from segregation and slavery than to be among those sharing in the wealth. Another argument against affirmative action is that race is a poor indicator of hardships. While the average white person has a higher income and more net worth than the average black or Hispanic, there are plenty of poor white people and wealthy black people.   To assume that blacks are poor and whites are rich solely on the basis of race, which may be statistically accurate, ignores differences between individuals within groups. Since differences within groups are always larger than differences between the average members of differing groups, this type of grouping is unfair. Most applications for jobs and colleges require information about an applicants finances anyway, there is no more reason for them to assume poverty on the basis of race. Even if classifying economic disadvantage by race was justified in the 1960s during the Civil Rights movement, many argue that this is no longer the case. Blacks have vastly improved their position over the past several decades. Blacks earning over $50,000 a year have become the fastest growing income group in America. The result of this is that since the 1960s, the percentage of affluent black Americans has doubled. In some cases, blacks are even doing better than whites. In two-parent households where both parents are college educated and both parents work, black families on average make more money than white families. Given this, it seems that problems peculiar to this minority group may be becoming obsolete. Lino Graglia says Not all blacks, and not only blackshave been disadvantaged (Grapes, 48). Since statistics indicate that blacks are getting closer and closer to the average income, many believe that it now makes more sense to base preferences on socioeconomic status. This way, whites who are as disadvantaged as the blacks that affirmative action is intended to help would be benefited while ensuring that middle and upper-class blacks with no right to preferential treatment are not swept up in the diversity frenzy. This would provide a true adjustment while reducing the racial tensions caused by preferences. This would also ensure reasonable numbers of minority students while providing opportunity to students of all races, which is really the point (Grapes 59). The case for socioeconomic affirmative action is especially compelling because according to Lino A. Graglia, very few children of the underclass, white or black, end up applying to the competitive institutions where affirmative action is used (Grapes, 48). This leaves us in the position of giving preference to middle-class blacks over middle-class whites. If we really want to help persons who are disadvantaged, we might do well to use socioeconomic status, which might have a better predictive value of disadvantage. Many who acknowledge inequities in America and acknowledge the need for corrective measures question the wisdom of giving preferences to members of the emerging black middle and upper classes. If race doesnt necessarily correlate with a disadvantage, then maybe there is another index to use to determine disadvantage when considering job or college applications. Plous states that because racial minorities are at a disadvantage that there is a need for a correction. However, he concludes his point by stating that unless pre-existing inequities are corrected or otherwise taken into account, color-blind policies do not eliminate racial injustice-they reinforce it. (Plous, 2) Plous, however, gives no reason why these inequities could not be otherwise taken into account by looking at other factors, such as socioeconomic status. While some might argue that there are disadvantages independent of socioeconomic status that disproportionately affect minorities, it should be noted that almost all college applications already request information about the applicants family structure. Likewise, it should also be noted that the vast majority of college applicants (and virtually anybody who has any claim of being disadvantaged) provide detailed reports of their financial status to the colleges that they apply to in the form of financial aid applications such as The Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). Thus, all the information that is needed to make an intelligent assessment of an applicants disadvantage is already provided in college applications and could be used to make an intelligent assessment of an applicants disadvantage without resorting to race. Since race is sometimes a poor indicator of disadvantage, there is no reason to give automatic advantages to a minority applicant just for checking a box corresponding to their skin color. Despite the fact that SAT scores correlate well with grades in college, some minority advocates and affirmative action supporters claim that they are biased against certain groups. While it is undeniable that different groups perform differently, racial bias is unlikely to be the cause. Statistics from the College Board indicate that the SAT actually predicts college performance for minorities more accurately than it predicts performance for whites (DSouza 44). Even if the standardized tests really did have terms that were less familiar to stude nts of certain races, its still not clear that the tests are at fault. According to College Board President Donald Steward, who is black, standardized tests are preparation for words and terms and ideas that students are likely to encounter, whatever their cultural background. (DSouza 44) In other words, even if they arent familiar with test materials, maybe they should be. According to these findings, SAT scores really do predict performance in college, especially for minorities. An examination of the disparities in SAT scores might shed some light on why socioeconomic status might be a good index. An examination of SAT scores by gender, race, and school types shows that Asians are a good example of how the SAT is not racially biased. In 1998, the average Asian score on the math portion of the SAT was 562, 50 points higher than the national average, and 34 points higher than the average white score. While some groups did score lower than others, these differences were not significantly larger than the differences between males and females on the math portion, or the differences between students at public, parochial, and independent schools. This suggests that disparities in SAT scores are just as related to the types of schools that students go to (dictated mostly by socioeconomic status) as they are by race. It is indeed very possible that the disparities between the races are caused mostly by the disproportionate numbers of certain races that go to public schools for economic, not racial reasons. Keeping this in mind, it might be better to give preferences based on socioeconomic status or even the type of school that a student attends rather than race. Affirmative action distributes educational resources in a way contrary to what is scientifically proven to provide the greatest return on the investment of resources. Grades and test scores have been shown to correlate strongly with performance in college (Study: SAT .). The SAT has been reworked over decades in an attempt to predict performance in college. Statistical studies have shown that there is no better predictor of performance in college than SAT scores. While some compromise between the efficiency of using SAT scores to distribute resources, and addressing class differences in America might be necessary, I believe that a fair result could be achieved through socioeconomic preferences. The only way that the loss of efficiency that results from going against scientifically proven methods of determining who would perform the best in a job or school could be justified is if there was proof that including persons under an affirmative action plan somehow results in an increase in efficiency greater than the decrease due to improper utilization of the resources. While there are anecdotal claims that diversity benefits everybody, nobody has been able to provide a large body of research proving that there is a substantive benefit. By contrast, there is much evidence that shows that those admitted with inferior credentials under affirmative action have a higher rate of dropout and delinquency than the general student population. Therefore, from a utilitarian perspective, affirmative action causes inefficient use of educational recourses. In addition to hurting white and Asian students, there is evidence that affirmative action may also have an adverse effect on the minorities that supposedly benefit from it. There are some who believe that affirmative action policies discourage minority achievement. Edward Blum, Chairman of the Campaign for a Color-Blind America Legal Defense and Educational Foundation says that while he admits that poor performance of minorities on standardized tests is due to poor education in minority neighborhoods, that he believes the solution is harder work and commitment on the part of those same minority students. He points to the fact that there have been countless studies and they all say the same thing- tests like the SAT are a highly reliable predictor of academic success. According to his article, no other variable grades, essays, leadership qualities or overcoming hardships so closely correlates to the likelihood of graduation from a particular college as does the SAT (Blum, 1999).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fact is that affirmative action has outlived its usefulness and does more damage than good. It has been shown to make unfair placements in both colleges and the workforce in order to increase a diversity that provides no pragmatic boon. Not only that, but there is far less socioeconomic need for the program as well, with minorities gaining economically as well as socially. This leads to those of the majority paying for the mistakes of a minority within their own group, which is just as discriminatory and unfair.

How Violence Leaves a Mark in Veena Das’ Life and Words...

Veena Das’ Life and Words is an attempt to capture the way in which major â€Å"events† reside in the recesses of everyday life. Drawing mainly from the aftermath of the Partition of India in 1947 and the assassination of Indira Gandhi in 1984, Das explores the way violence leaves its mark on the people it touches, how it affects them at the immediate moment, and how it is carried through various forms of memory and silence into their everyday lives. Das also addresses that the manner in which the nation-state dealt with and constructed the violence of events also shapes the moments of and after violence, and the way these events inhabit the everyday life. The relation of the event and the everyday is understood in terms of how a number of†¦show more content†¦Das engages with the two instances of violence at the time of the Partition and the 1984 riots in the way they affected individual lives. Through Life and Words, the readers are able to see the kinds of c onnection and relations one builds during these events within communities, the kinds of â€Å"othering† that happens among communities and the way gender affects these relations. Individual lives and narratives about the ways individuals locate themselves within communities and vis-à  -vis other communities and how communities position individuals are the basis Das gives for understanding collective and individual relations. One of the most important institutions that Das explores within these is the nation-state and the ways in which it constructs individuals, communities, male and female citizens and how it constructs itself within these categories. These relations culminate in the relation between the event and the everyday. The event is a collective affair, while the everyday life is relatively individual. The event affects the individual through the collective, and yet I view this relation as slippery because there are no differentiating lines that separate the collecti ve and the individual; one seeps into the other. What I find prominent is that even though the event is collective, the violence afflicted is on the body of the individual and in a lot of ways, dealing withShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPerspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian

Coke and Pepsi free essay sample

Pepsi net revenue sales are 39,474. They had a 12. 34% increase (39,474 – 35,137 = 4,337) 4,337/35,137=12. 34% V) Coca-Cola recognizes revenue upon shipment when the title or receipts, based on specific sales terms of the company’s products are transferred to partners, resellers, retailers and other customers. No right of return except for defects related to manufacturing. Customer incentives are deducted. Pepsi recognizes revenue upon shipment or delivery to their customers based on written sales terms that do not allow for right of return, however their policy is to replace damaged and out-of-date products from store shelves to ensure that customers receive the product quality and freshness that they expect. Similarly, their policy for warehouse-distributed products is to replace damaged and out-of-date products. Based on their historical experience with this practice, they have reserved for anticipated damaged and out-of-date products. The revenue recognition for each company is very similar as to when title transfers and to what returns are acceptable. We will write a custom essay sample on Coke and Pepsi or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pepsi mentions store shelves for their retailers and how those returns are accepted.

Technology and Culture Essay Sample free essay sample

Technology has had an outstanding consequence on traditional civilizations through out the universe over the last century. The development of engineering due to the globalization has a major impact on the universe particularly it has changed the traditional civilization and methods of communicating. transit and instruction. Different types of engineerings are used for assorted grounds in twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life. The developments of engineering interruption up the international bounds and open up a new way to civilization changing globalisation to happen. New technological promotion has a greater impact on instruction in a traditional civilization and it has opened the doors non merely to instruction but besides on employment chances as good ( Musawi 2011 ) . He besides stresses that the people around the Earth have become much closer due to the technological development over the past decennaries. It is a true fact that innovation of new engineerings such as digita l media brings everyone closer together around the universe. We will write a custom essay sample on Technology and Culture Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even though due to the technological development has changed the manner of thought and life forms of the people through out the universe. However the result of the development of engineering affects traditional manner of people’s lives in both negative and positive ways. Early epoch people used to pass their glorious clip with their households and now people spend more clip on cyberspace and societal networking such as Facebook. MySpace and Twitter. Gilyarewskii ( 2007 ) states that modern twenty-four hours kids are wholly different than pre computing machine age kids. Unlike pre computing machine age kids who were originative with their work and had avocations like roll uping casts. go through the leisure clip with their equals but the modern twenty-four hours kids spend more clip on computing machine games. societal networking and cyberspace. In fact engineering plays a critical function in development of communicating. transit and instruction on any civilization. Due to the globalisation the universe has shrunk in to one planetary small town. The chief ground for this is the technological promotion in the universe. This has a immense impact on communicating methods in today’s universe. People all around the universe can cognize what’s go oning in the other corners of universe in the visible radiation of velocity due to these promotions. The traditional methods of pre historic worlds were chiefly dependent on marks drawings and animate beings hence the traditional methods were slow and unreliable. Modern communicating systems have changed the manner that people communicate with one another ( Vijaylakshmi et al 2006 ) . These new engineerings allow people to pass on in effectual and advanced ways. Nowadays most people spend their clip on cyberspace and nomadic phones. which that they used to pass on reading intelligence documents and garnering with their household members. Tendencies towards cyberspace activities and nomadic phone use have besides resulted in dramatic down incline in traditional media use such as newspapers and societal assemblage. Earlier day’s people used to pass on through letters and wires. even pre historic age people used to pass on by utilizing animate beings such as birds. Nowadays computing machines are dominant in everyplace. even in developing states such as India whose mean income is far less than developed states ( Vijaylakshmi et al 2006 ) . In the present state of affairs. Internet is going the chief communicating method that is progressively going more deep rooted into twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life and impacting upon the traditional civilization. However the development of engineering it has some down side effects on traditional civilizations. As stated by Madzingira traditional communities in Africa they chiefly relied on unwritten. face to confront type of communicating ( Madzingira 2001 ) . This manner of communicating is really effectual than electronic relationship because it is more emotional may non do the societal isolation. Second. the development of transit has bes ides consequence the civilization in many ways. During the twentieth century rapid growing of transit creates batch of benefits for people through out the universe. Transportation system affects every facet of people in any civilization. It has a cardinal impact on life forms. growing of economic system in a state. Over the past decennaries. car industry and route buildings were extremely developed in some developing states such as in India. As a consequence it creates more environmental pollution. traffic over crowding and high energy ingestion. Harmonizing to Baidya et Al ( 2009 ) they have stated that India is the biggest cause of environment pollution due to its modern system of transit. However everyone has non received the same benefits from the promotion of transit and investings. as an illustration holding a main road following door is non good to person who does non have a vehicle ( Baidya et al 2009 ) . However. the development of transit creates more benefit for the economic system and growing of the cultural facets. As an illustration due to the new transit methods such as air transit it helps people to go around the Earth without any vacillation. Olubomehin ( 2012 ) states that the development of route t ransit in Nigeria helps to increase the economic system. agricultural production and impacted positively on urbanization procedure. He farther states that it creates batch of employment chances for the people and besides boosted commercial and trading activities. Nevertheless development of modern transit system makes life so much easier than early yearss. It brings everyone around the universe much closer. Finally. engineering has a greater impact on development of instruction in traditional civilizations. Today. although kids are utilizing computing machines. laptops. and other assorted engineerings that allow them to research and research their surveies more easy. Over the last twosome of decennaries engineering has become less expensive and more dependable method in instruction. For case on-line instruction plays a critical function in higher surveies. Musawi ( 2011 ) stresses that engineering is altering the manner the instructors teach and pupils learn. Earlier day’s pupils spend more clip at the category room and the library for researching and analyzing. With the development of engineering they are off from category suites and more in to the on-line instruction ( Gilyarewskii 2007 ) . She states that most kids can non last without nomadic phones and cyberspace. As a consequence immature coevals is confronting a deficiency of physical communicating with others. personal is sues. and falling societal accomplishments. It can be argued that the kids who are utilizing modern engineering are more educated and knowing than others. Chinnamai ( 2005 ) argued that the effects of new engineering on instruction bring rapid development in larning systems across India. The rise of new engineering is determining the future kids into intelligent people with a broad scope of accomplishments and cognition to use to competitory. information based society ( Chinnamai 2005 ) . She farther provinces that the developing states and 3rd universe states face a grating trouble to implement these new technological methods due to the deficiency of substructure and inadequate of financess. Although the new engineering has many advantages to the pupil it besides degrades the societal bonding of one another. The pupils have no originative accomplishments and thoughts since everything can be found on cyberspace. This is contradictory to the past traditional methods of instruction. where pupils chiefly relied on books. reading. instructors and their aged household members. Students at present pass more clip utilizing cyberspace on societal media and bookman web sites than prosecuting in twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities with their household and friends . This affects them physically every bit good as mentally. On the other manus these methods are faster. more dependable and efficient. Consequently. the developed engineering has greater impact on traditional cultural methods of many twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities and there are advantages and disadvantages due to this. Yet one can reason that the new engineering is the most of import thing in a extremely globalized universe which fundamentally has the whole universe relies upon that. It is a fact that the development of engineering has had a important impact on traditional civilizations through out the universe. Mentions Baidya. S. Kleefeld. B 2009. Atmospheric emanations from route transit in India. Energy policy. World Wide Web. elsevier. com/locate/enpol Chinnammai. S 2005. Effectss of globalisation on instruction and civilization. University of Madras. India.hypertext transfer protocol: //www. openpraxis. com/files/Article % 20252. pdf Gilyarevskii. R S 2007. Information civilization in higher instruction. Scientific and proficient information processing. vol. 34. pp. 40-43. Department of the interior: 10. 3103/S0147688207010066 O’Donoghue. J. Caswell. S. Singh. G 2008. A survey in to the effects of information engineering in instruction. Technology in instruction. pp. 1-10. hypertext transfer protocol: //auc. uow. edu. au/conf/conf00/papers/auc2000_odonoghue. pdf Vijayalakshmi. P. Bhavani. V 2006. Internet usage. Indian civilization and gender fluctuations. Media Asia. vol. 33. pp. 202.

The importance of water as a b essays

The importance of water as a b essays Water is the most available compound on earth and is essential to life itself, without water, Earth would not exist. Water is a major component of cells, typically forming between 70 and 95% of the mass of the cell. This means that we are made approximately 80% water by mass, with some soft bodied creature, such as the jellyfish, are made of up to 96% of water. Water is the up-most important compound covering 75% of Earth, where it provides an environment for organisms to live in. Water itself is a simple molecule made up of 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, H2O. The hydrogen and oxygen atoms are bonded covalently via a shared pair of electrons. Thus there are 4 pairs of electrons surrounding the oxygen atom, two pairs involved in covalent bonds with hydrogen, and unshared pairs on the opposite side of the oxygen atom. Oxygen is an electronegative atom compared with hydrogen. Covalent bonds are formed by sharing electrons in the outer shelves of the quantum shells, however in the case of water the large number of protons in the oxygen nucleus have a stronger attraction for these shared electrons than the comparatively tiny hydrogen nuclei. As a result pulling the electrons slightly closer to the oxygen atom giving it a partial negative charge (ƒÔ-) due to these unshared electrons, and partial positive charges (ƒÔ+) to the hydrogen atoms. This shows that water is a  ¡polar ¡ molecule, meaning that there is an uneven distribution of elec tron density. An electrostatic attraction between the partial positive charges of the hydrogen atoms and the slight negative charge of the oxygen results in the formation of a weak hydrogen bond as shown in the above illustration. Water is an unusual yet important molecule, mostly due to its hydrogen bonds; its properties allow it to react as a solvent, a reactant, as a molecule with cohesive properties, as an environment and as a temperature stabiliser! Water can separate covalently bon...

Effects on economic efficiency of government price controls and taxes Term Paper

Effects on economic efficiency of government price controls and taxes - Term Paper Example The marginal gain is the extra benefit to a consumer from the usage of one extra unit of the service and good. The overall quantity a consumer surplus in any market is equivalent to the region beneath the demand curve and over the market price. This region shows the gain to consumers in surplus of the price they exchanged for a commodity. In the diagram below consumer surplus is represented by region A where it is above market price of ? 5 and the units sold which amount 5,000. Source: (Sexton, 2010) Producer Surplus Producer surplus refers to the distinction amid the least price a company would have been eager to allow and the price the company actually obtains. The overall quantity of the producer surplus in a market is equivalent to the region above the market surplus curve and beneath the price in the market. The supply curve illustrates the eagerness of companies to supply a commodity at various prices. Firms will be willing to supply an extra unit of a commodity only where they obtain a price equivalent to the extra price of production of that unit. Marginal cost is the extra cost to a company of making one extra unit of a product or service. Normally, the marginal cost of making a product rises as additional products are made in a given time period. The diagram below shows the relationship between the consumer surplus and the producer surplus. The producer surplus on a demand curve is found below the consumer surplus and above the supply curve. Source: (Sexton, 2010) A competitive market is one which has numerous buyers and sellers. One of the advantages of a market system is that it leads into effectual results. In a competitive equilibrium the marginal benefit is equivalent to the marginal cost where equilibrium leads to an economical effectual level of outcome in a competitive market. On the other hand, deadweight loss refers to a situation where the cost of a product is above the average or equilibrium price, economic surplus is below what it could b e at the equilibrium price. The decrease in the economic surplus emanating from the market which is not in a competitive equilibrium is what is known as the deadweight loss. The diagram below shows the deadweight loss on a demand and supply curve. Source: (Sexton, 2010) Economic Surplus and Economic Efficiency As mentioned earlier consumer surplus gives the dimension of the benefits to customers from purchasing a specific type of good while the producer surplus provides the dimension of the benefits to firms from merchandising a specific commodity. Thus economic surplus is now the total of the benefits to the company plus the benefits to individual consumers. This is normally the most efficient measure of the advantage to the community from the manufacture of a product or service. Equilibrium in the aggressive market leads into the highest quantity of economic surplus or the entire gain to the community from the manufacture of product or service. In the diagram below the blue and th e brown region represents the economic surplus. Source: (Sexton, 2010) Economic efficiency on the other hand refers to the market results where the marginal gain to consumers of the final produced unit is equivalent to its marginal production cost and where the total of consumer surplus and that of producer surplus is at its highest best (Sexton, 2010). It must be noted that not every person is better off in case a market is

Inquiry into Samsung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Inquiry into Samsung - Essay Example Samsung group has grown through acquisitions and mergers like the move to buy DongHwa department store in 1963 and two years later the acquisition of Saena paper industry followed. Samsung electronics were established by Samsung group in the year 1969. However, it was in the 1970s when Samsung made a decision to enter into industries petrochemical, heavy and chemical industries. This was followed by the establishment of a new Samsung shipping company. The Samsung heavy industry was established in 1973. The Samsung group procured Daesung heavy industry to develop the Samsung shipbuilding company. Samsung precision, which was later renamed to Techwin, was established in the same year. Samsung was rising at an extremely high speed and expanding its influence to expanding its industrial influence and empire. This positioned the company to the present day growth culture. Samsung group is known to be one of the companies that are leading in innovation. The company has been introducing the latest Smartphone and has increased its market share by introducing superior products like Smartphone and tablets. The growth of this multinational has been gradual but steadfast. Samsung was founded in the year 1938 by Byung-Chull. The company used to export fruits, vegetables and dried fish produced in Korea. The exports were destined for Beijing and Manchuria in China. The company then started small-scale manufacturing by establishing confectionary machines and flour mills. The company was incorporated in the year 1951. Samsung Corporation started to substitute imported goods with locally manufactured products through the establishment of the industry called Ceil Sugar in the year 1953. This was later followed closely by the establishment of Cheil industries. Samsung group then went ahead to acquire Feb Ankuk Marine and fire insurance in the year 1958. The company was later renamed as Samsung fire and marine insurance. This was followed closely by the acquisition of Jul Dong Bang Life insurance in the year 1963. The company was later renamed to Samsung life insurance in the year 1989 (Michell 2011). However, in 1983, Samsung group has begun to develop the interest in the field of semiconductors. Up to 1983, the company was known to develop semiconductors for the local market. The development of the 64k DRAM (dynamic random access memory) by Samsung Company marked a fresh beginning with regard to international influence (Michell 2011). This marked the beginning of production of many semiconductor chips for the international market from Samsung Company (Chang 2011). In 1985, Samsung data systems were established. The company was rebranded to Samsung SDS in 1986. The aim was to pave the way for Samsung economic research institute. In the following year, Samsung advanced institute of technology was developed as the company’s main research center. Samsung group acquired KOCA. This was a credit company which was renamed to Samsung credit card in the year 1 995 (Books 2011). Through this, Samsung Company was increasing asserting itself in the world of technology and financial security systems. Samsung began acquiring many international companies with an aim of asserting itself in the international market and increasing its market share. Samsung group faces incredible competition from other South Korean industries.

New businesses Essay Example for Free

New businesses Essay Consistent findings have imperatively indicated that the correlation between firm entry and survival is negative. Out of every one hundred new businesses introduced in the UK, 50 percent of them become obsolete before their third anniversary. Such high attrition levels are not only evident UK in alone but also in most modern economies and can be said to be a generic rule of thumb. Just why is it that so many nascent firms end up accomplishing little or nothing before they finally become extinct? Is it that their owners do not put enough efforts into the business development or are there other internal and external causes of this prevalent occurrence of business failure? Many theories have been put forth to explain the possible causes of the high rates of new business failure. It is not surprising that major diagnoses of the root causes of low survival rate in new businesses identify management inefficiency as one of the causes of the high attrition levels. Policy makers have also been blamed for recommending entrepreneurship as the solution to rejuvenating the economy yet little is done to educate people on what to expect amid globalization pressures, competition and technological changes that are likely to impact on the business survival. Other theories put forward include the supportive environment thesis, nature of activity and industry theory. Firm survival can however be properly classified in three explanatory dimensions: The firms specific characteristics; Operational factors and the business cycle. This paper explores the characteristics of business failure under these three dimensions and at the same time introduces a discussion on how entrepreneurs can enhance their businesss chances of survival by providing possible solutions to the low levels of survival witnessed in infant businesses. II. Analysis a) Definitions Birth of the firm: The introduction of a business marks the birth of a firm. This may actually start when the idea of the business is borne. Consequent activities such as registering the company, acquiring premises and capital are secondary elements in the birth of a business. Survival of the firm: Survival of the firm refers to its ability to withstand internal and external pressures to meet the objectives for which it was established. Survival determines whether a firm makes it through its lifetime or whether it fails and consequently exits the market. Death of the firm: This denotes the final stage in a business at a point where nothing can be done to revive the business and the only solution is complete closure. Termination of the firm as a legal entity: This means that the business is no longer recognized by the law. It means that a business in the context of the law is no longer operational and it is therefore not liable to debts, taxes among other liabilities to stakeholders. b) New Firms Survival Literature New businesses in the UK have in the past shown high levels of business failures witnessed within the first three years of inception. According to Caliendo and Fossen (2009: 154) at least fifty out of every one hundred new businesses introduced did not make it to their third birthday. A study by the DTI Small Business Service from 1995 to 2004 reveals that these failures are actually vary with industries which could be attributed to the various conditions that exist in these sectors (DTI, 2007: 13). On average, 82% of new businesses established survived the first year in business. Improvement has been recorded and by 2004, an average of 58% of new businesses survived the first three years over all the sectors. Detailed survey results are shown in table 1 and 2. c) Why Half of Nascent Firms Fail: The Survival Explanatory Dimensions 1) Firm Specific Characteristics i)Managerial Organization Discernible management errors and high incidents of poor management highly contribute to the low survival rates of newly established firms. The death of many firms is mostly characterized by management which has turned out to be reactionary. Inefficient decision making and inadequate or non-existent planning will have contributed to the failure of the business in at least 30 percent of nascent firms (Phillips, 2004: 68-70). Veronique and Wever (2000: 138) note that managers inability to react to various forces affecting the business operations such as competition, technological advancements, economic trends and money issues could lead to the ultimate downfall of a business. Inadequacy in management expertise is essentially attributable for the business failure to explore alternative financing options leading to bankruptcy. ii)Inadequacy of Cash Reserves Inadequate financing comes in as a close second after poor management. New owners with little or no prior experience in business may fail to effectively predict cash flow. Miscalculation of amounts required to sustain the business before it picks up and underestimation of the costs associated with borrowing money are the major causes of financial strain (Lane and Schary, 1991: 101-103). Exhaustion of cash reserves is also likely to be influenced by poor pricing, over-investment in fixed assets and uncontrolled growth. Uncontrolled growth occurs when the owners want to take up every opportunity that comes so that at the end of it all they cannot satisfy all their customers. In this case, firms end up borrowing large amounts to meet the high demand and when the loans cannot be paid effectively, what results is collapse of the firm (Audretsch and Keilbach, 2004: 423). Other causes include over dependence on a few customers, fraud and uncontrolled drawings by the owner. iii)Poor debt management and Over-borrowing This is closely associated with cash inadequacy and it results where managers are ill-equipped in financial management. Small business owners are likely to obtain the wrong type of financing and worse still take more than the business can afford to pay (Jostarndt, 2007: 139). This may lead to borrowing loans to clear existing ones which is not a good debt management strategy. Inability to pay debts on time and lack of coordination between incoming cash and outgoing cash may lead to the business finally going bankrupt and consequently causing its death. iv)Ownership Status There are two ways of looking at this perspective: the legal ownership and the reasons for starting the business. A sole proprietorship business is more likely to fail due to financial and management problems than a partnership or a limited company. The reasons for starting the business can highly influence a firms survival. Moore and Gooderl (2008: 8-10) name two types of entrepreneurs: the opportunity entrepreneur and the necessity entrepreneur. The former establishes a business to exploit available business opportunity while the latter may start up a business for the purpose of sustaining himself probably if he cannot find a job. According to Moore and Gooderl (2008: 16-17) the opportunity entrepreneur is likely to succeed while the necessity entrepreneur may not exert enough efforts towards the business. The increased number of necessity entrepreneurs in the UK has highly increased the failure levels in new businesses. v)Personal Characteristics of the owner This mostly has to do with the attitude of the owner and the manner in which he or she applies these in the business context. Owners make a mistake of taking up all responsibilities without making use of delegation to junior employees as a result of fearing that they may not do it perfectly. Jensen (1976: 335) describes this as the challenge of letting go. Owners normally find themselves exhausted from overwork and yet do not find time to address important issues facing the business. Use of business funds by the owner can also cause detrimental effects on the business. Personal attitudes such as aggressiveness and lack of concern for the employees may cause high rate of employee turnover as well as keep away customers (Daily et al, 2002: 398-343). vi)Innovation and reaction to technological changes The world is advancing at a high rate and technology is one of the areas that a business needs to keep up with. Many new businesses fail due to being left behind in technological advancements such that they are overtaken by their competitors who take with them all the customers (Agarwal, 1996: 103-106). Innovation is one of the major tools for a successful business and this is one area that new businesses have not been able to address mainly due to lack of enough capital to come up with new products and services. viii)Poor knowledge of the market Most business owners enter the market with little knowledge about what to expect. Failing to conduct market feasibility studies limit the owners knowledge on the competitors in the market and their influence; the customers characteristics and behaviour and various market fluctuations they are likely to encounter (Covin et al, 2000: 199-206). 2) Operational factors i) Competition New businesses are often overwhelmed by the efforts required to counter competition from already existing firms. This is considering that these firms have already established their customer base and winning loyal customers could prove quite a challenging task for new businesses. Usually, dominant competitors may even device ways of putting new entrants out of business such as lowering prices and offering discounts (Covin et al, 2000: 200). Their aim is to push the new competitors until they cannot keep up with the situation such that they eventually quit. ii) Location The location of a business is a major determinant for its survival. New businesses in rural areas are likely to fail due to limited local markets and isolation. On the other hand high costs, presence of large firms and regulatory barriers pose challenges to businesses located in the urban areas (Sutaria and Donald, 2004: 250-253). 3)Changes in Business Cycle i)Macroeconomic growth and economic pressures New businesses are usually unable to handle economic shocks that may result from high interest rates, fluctuations in exchange rates and general inflation. According to David and Mahmood (1995: 89-93) not many businesses survive an economic surge or a recessionary period which may lead to skyrocketing of supply prices and high costs of borrowing. ii)Entering Cohorts exit rate Cohorts refer to groups with similar characteristics. The result of exit of similar businesses can either have a positive or negative effect on a new business. Exit may mean less competition which is an advantage. New firms however rely on one another for inspiration. A person operating a business where everyone is quitting due to one reason or another is bound to get disillusioned and have the attitude that his business may fail too (Phillips, 2004: 69-71). iii)Changes in legal environment When the laws of a country change, new businesses are likely to suffer since they are not yet stable enough to cushion themselves from such changes. Amendment of tax laws and business requirements may cause a new business to go bankrupt. d) Increasing Survival Chances Strategies to increase the chances of survival for a business entail addressing the leading causes of failure. The most fundamental requirement is the improvement of the management capabilities. When there is good management in a firm, other factors will follow suit because every operation of the business is determined by the management (Sutaria and Donald, 2004: 253-255). Improvement of communication within the business and proper sharing of duties are skills that the owners of the business need to acquire. This can be done through attending management and entrepreneurial seminars and conferences so as to learn secrets of firm survival from professionals. Proper planning is the ideal solution to financial problems. Veronique and Wever, 2000: 139-141) refers adequate anticipation of cash flow as the secret to overcoming financial problems for starters. This could be done through the help of an expert if the owner is not in a position to do so. Finding alternative sources of finance apart from the usual ones is key in preventing the collapse of a business due to lack of funds. There are many available sources of finance including bank loans, credit card advances, sale of assets among others (Moore and Gooderl, 2008: 298-299). Care should then be taken to make sure the finances are properly utilized. The firm should avoid relying on a few customers because huge losses can be felt if the customers suddenly withdraw. Instead, they should aim at a large customer base. Over-borrowing can be reduced through making proper cash forecasts and using the limited resources that the business has. In essence, the firm can adopt a steady growth over time instead of rushing to expand at once (Daily et al, 2002: 399-401). Finally, the management should be keen in managing the debts of the business keenly balancing the income and expenditure so as to cover all liabilities and debts in time. A business must clearly identify its customers and establish whether they can sustain the business effectively considering the level of competition. This can be done prior to the business establishment through a market feasibility studies while answering the following questions: How many competitors are in the area you plan to establish your business? Who will be the businesss customers and what are their buying habits? What is the level of loyalty of these potential customers to the current suppliers? Are they likely to buy your product? Is the product seasonal? Is it possible to make profit out of the business? Once these questions are answered, the likelihood of failure can be minimized as specific strategies to address the issues can be formulated (Audretsch and Thurik, 2007: 113-141). Business owners must realize that they cannot do everything by themselves. Employers can delegate and allow employees to make certain decisions. Consequently, owners will have ample time to concentrate on more important business issues such as finding new customers, getting more funds for the business as well as solving the current issues facing the business (Daily et al, 2002: 403-405). The need for long-term planning is inevitable. This involves planning for growth and transition in the future. It also involves planning for uncertainties such as loss of employees, customers and suppliers. In the wake of the high global trade advancement and changes in the market, businesses should always be alert to avoid being taken unaware by advancements in technology, innovation and changes in customer preferences and culture (Zoltan, 1988: 321). Legal changes and changes in tax systems should be catered for in the long-term business plan. The state of the economy is bound to change from time to time which is why firms must anticipate for any future economic shocks through investing in stocks, futures, options among others. Insurance is also an option for more larger firms. III. Conclusion No environment can be said to specifically favour new firms in all angles hence the need for those starting new firms to be overly cautious. Firms are most definitely exposed to numerous risks that may lead to their extinction as indicated in this discussion. Management is identified as the root cause of low survival rates among nascent firms and its improvement could work to solve the predicament presently being witnessed in new firm survival. Proper balancing of the firms cash reserves; being generally alert to any changes in the business environment; making informed decisions to deal with these changes coupled with excellent management practices is exactly what is needed to save young firms from their predicament and promote their longevity.

Nicotine and its Effects on Weight :: Research Papers

Nicotine and its Effects on Weight Introduction Bad breath, yellow teeth, a chronic cough†¦these are some of the disgusting results of smoking cigarettes. Why do people continue to smoke when the effects are so harmful? The typical response from smokers to this question is that they smoke in order to relax and help relieve stress. Unfortunately, the quick fix happens to be an addictive narcotic. Smoking feeds the addiction, but it also feeds the body with about 40 cancer-causing chemicals as well as almost 4,000 other chemicals (http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/health/w8quit-smoke/index.htm). Besides the visible physical effects, smoking increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, cancer, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and other lung diseases (http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/health/w8quit-smoke/index.htm). With the first issuance of health warnings on cigarette packages being more than thirty years ago, logically the number of American smokers should have drastically decreased by now. However, polls show that 32 million Americans continue to smoke according to the American Dietetic Association website (http://www.eatright.org/erm/erm011200.html). Those who continue to smoke, despite the health risks, have decided to take chances with their long-term health rather than sacrifice the immediate benefits of a cigarette. Many current smokers say they are afraid to quit their destructive habit for fear of weight gain associated with the cessation of smoking. The added weight, however, poses a much lower health risk than the continuation of smoking. In order to reach equal health risks of smoking just one pack of cigarettes a day, someone would have to be about 125 pounds overweight (http://www.quitsmoking.com/books/nonag/weightgain.htm). Negative Effects on Women Furthermore, the negative effects smoking has on women are especially grim. A site devoted to women and smoking disclose that in the year 2000, women and young girl smokers will have a higher morbidity and mortality rate than that of men. Women smokers have a smaller lung capacity than men, which makes females more vulnerable to the chemicals in cigarette smoke. Also, women smokers have a four times greater chance of developing cervical cancer than non-smokers. Another frightening statistic mentioned in the article says that women who smoked 40 or more cigarettes a day showed a 74% higher risk of developing fatal breast cancer than non-smoking women. Additionally, a woman who smokes has a six-times greater risk of heart attack than men who smoke.

Affirmative Action PRO vs. CON Essay

The 108th Congress of the United States brought up the debate of whether to allow public institutions to adopt the Affirmative Action, allowing minorities to have higher opportunities than the majority. Although no specific stand was approached, it clearly shows the growing interest of people on the act of Affirmative Action. I am pro Affirmative Action when dealing with public institutions. However, I believe a private institution should practice equality. Affirmative Action compensates for the past faults and biased treatments toward minorities, provides ample opportunities to unprivileged people who currently can’t be accepted to institutions, and could rid of the biased view many people still have on minorities. Looking back on American history, we can clearly see many prejudiced acts and viewpoints towards the minorities. The most obvious example is with African Americans. Now at present times, Affirmative Action can and will compensate to a degree the hurts and pains minorities suffered. Although people call America the land of opportunity, many people, consisting largely of minorities, never get a chance to succeed. Many colleges screen applicants with a biased standard, calling it tradition. Companies and institutions prevent employees from receiving full privileges, shouting company regulations. Affirmative Action can tear down those obstacles and false standards giving those underprivileged new opportunities. When Asians fluctuated to the United States during the gold rush, many locals responded violently thinking they will take all the jobs there were. Even today, a number of people still hold biased views toward the minorities. It is evident on the existing practices of the Ku Klux Klan. Affirmative Action can change much of those biased views and allow the minorities to be accepted in the eyes of others. Although Affirmative Action should apply to public institutions, equality should be practiced in private institutions. Equal treatments should allow others to participate on making a non-discriminatory system. Equality, not favoritism, should be standards on private institutions. However, on the overall view, I stand pro on Affirmative Action.

How to Improve Your English

Each learner has different objectives  and, therefore, different approaches to learning English. But some tips and tools are likely to help most English learners. Lets begin with the three most important rules:   Rule 1: Be PatientLearning English is a Process The most important rule to remember is that learning English  is a process. It takes time, and it takes lots of patience! If you are patient, you will improve your English.   Rule 2: Make a Plan The most important thing to do is to create a plan and follow that plan. Start with your English learning goals, and then make a specific plan to succeed. Patience is key to improving your English, so go slowly and focus on your goals. Youll speak English well soon if you keep to the plan. Rule 3: Make Learning English a Habit Its absolutely necessary that learning English becomes a habit. In other words, you should work on your English every day. Its not necessary to study grammar every day. However, you should listen, watch, read or speak English every day - even if its for a short period of time. Its much better to learn 20 minutes a day than to study for two hours twice a week. Tips for Learning and Improving Your English Have patience: Remember that learning a language is a gradual process—it does not happen overnight.Define your learning objectives early: What do you want to learn and why?Make learning a habit:  Try to learn something every day. It is much better to study (or read, or listen to English news, etc.) 10 minutes each day than to study for 2 hours once a week.Choose your materials well:  You will need reading, grammar, writing, speaking and listening materials.Vary your learning routine:  It is best to do different things each day to help keep the various relationships between each area active. In other words, dont just study grammar.Find friends: Finding friends to study and speak with in invaluable and learning English together can be very encouraging.Keep it interesting: Choose listening and reading materials that relate to what you are interested in. Being interested in the subject will make learning more enjoyable - thus more effective.Relate grammar to practical usage: Grammar by itself does not help you USE the language. You should practice what you are learning by employing it actively.Use reading to help with other English skills:  Reading can be used to help with vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and much more.  Flex your mouth muscles: Understanding something doesnt mean the muscles of your mouth can produce the sounds. Practice speaking what you are learning aloud. It may seem strange, but it is very effective. Exercises like  tongue twisters can help improve your flexibility.Communicate: Grammar exercises are great, but having your friend on the other side of the world understand your email is fantastic!Use the Internet:  The Internet is the most exciting, unlimited English resource that anyone could imagine and it is right at your fingertips.