The Blind Heart in Carver’s Cathedral Essay -- Carver Cathedral Essays

The Blind Heart in Raymond Carvers Cathedral A persons ability to see is very much taken for granted as it is in Cathedral by Raymond Carver. Although the title suggests that the story is about a cathedral, it is really about two men who are blind, one physically, the other psychologically. One of the men is Robert, the blind friend of the narrators wife the other is the narrator-husband himself. The husband is the man who is psychologically blind. Carver dextrously describes the way the husband looks at life from a very narrow-minded point of view. Two instances in particular illustrate this. The first is that the husband seems to recall that the most important thing to women is being complimented on their looks the second is that he is unable to imagine his wifes friend Robert as a person, save as a blind man. Carver consistently characterizes the husband as the real blind man because he is ignorant of so many straightforward things in life. One of the first hints of the hus bands blindness is addressed early in the story when the husband thinks about the blind mans wife and says, Imagine a woman who could never see herself as she was seen in the eyes of her loved one. A woman who could go on daylight after day and never receive the smallest compliment from her beloved. A woman whose husband could never read the expression on her face, be it misery or something better. (1055) The husband seems to be saying that women need to be seen, that this is the most important or only important thing in their lives. He forgets that Robert can discover his wifes voice, smell her perfume, enjoy her personality, and touch her skin. According to Dorothy Wickenden Cathedral is a story about ignorance and vulnerability the deep-seated... ...is blind. He constantly disregards his sight which he takes for granted. The husband is so narrow-minded and content within his own world, he neglects to see the rest of the world. Marc Chenetien said it best A spark of hope in C athedral tends to give a potentially new agenda to stories whose ultimate promise seems to remain that blindness unavoidably undercuts all awakenings (30). Works Cited Allen, Bruce. Carver. Contemporary literary Criticism. Ed. Roger Matuz. New York Gale Research, 1989. 55103. Burgeja, Michael J. Carver. Short Story Criticism. Ed. Shelia Fitzgerald. Pasadena Salem Press, 1990. 823. Carver, Raymond. Cathedral The Harper Anthology of Fiction Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York HarperCollins, 1991. 1052-1063. Chenetien, Marc. Carver. Short Story Criticism. Ed. Sheila Fitzgerald. Pasadena Salem Press, 1990. 844.

Short Stories :: essays research papers

In the two short stories, The Free Radio and Everything Rises essential Converge, the main characters of each story have to make many important decisions/choices. The choices that are made change how other characters see the main character as well as how they react to them.In the short story, The Free Radio, by Salman Rushdie, cram has many choices to make throughout the story. Ram who could have had anything in the populace he wanted made many poor choices. Ram was the cutest guy in the townspeople he had everything going for him. Then he met the widow and her five-spot children, and he also started hanging with the youth armbands, these people lead to the downfall of Ram. The radio represented a way for Ram to escape reality and when Ram didnt get it he had to deal with all the negative choices he made. This is what hurt Ram because he had made so many negative choices in throughout the story. The theme of this story is to be happy in whatever you do and if your not you can al ways move to a new town and start over like Ram did.In the short story, Everything That Rises Must Converge, by Flanery OConnor, Julian learns there are more people in this world other than himself. The way he learns this is by taking his over weight pay back every Wednesday night to the Y so she could exercise. Julians mother is scared to go by herself because her town has become segregated. In the story there is an expensive hat that is wore by Julians mother. The mother was skeptical to wear it because she thought it was funny looking, but she wore it anyway. While on the bus to the Y a blue lady came on with a identical hat as Julians mothers. When Julian saw this he began to make fun of his mother because she had the same hat as a colored person.

Biffs Changing Perception in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death Salesman essays

Biffs Changing Perception in Arthur Millers Death of a Sales publicIn Death of a Salesman, Biffs perception of society is altered through a chain of events throughout the play. His unrealistic expectations about how to succeed, learned from his father, eventually caused the destruction of his fantasies. His innovation of an ideal society, where being liked is what is needed to succeed, is harshly changed to a reality where he must realize that hard work and devotion are demand to prosper. Through a series of events, Biff gradually comes to a realization of what is necessary for victor. First, we are shown a part of his childhood where Biff is told that the man who makes an mien in the business world, the man who creates personal interest, is the man who gets ahead. This idea appears in direct contrast to Bernard, one of Biffs childhood friends, who works and studies hard. Biff decides that Bernard will not succeed because he is only liked, not well-liked, and being we ll-liked is the cornerstone of success. Nonetheless, later in the play we see that Bernard has become very successful, underscoring one of the messages in the play, that success is not just a result of popularity. Second, we are shown a scene in Boston soon after Biff has just failed math for the year. He discovers his heroic father having an affair. Biff comes to the painful realization that his fathers values, his views, and everything that Biff had made the foundation of his life, are all completely fake and phony. Unfortunately, he has nothing with which to substitute it. Lastly, Biff decides to leave to try and begin himself, but an argument develops between Biff and Willy. Biff begins to see himself as like his father, nothing, just an average man trying to make a living, and quite possibly failing. Biffs earlier image of his fathers greatness has crumbled entirely, leaving a lost young man trying to find his way. Biff realized that he now needs to find his own values in life. He has finally tasted reality and now must clop head first into the pot, without any real preparation. Thus, it is clear that in the novel Death of a

Sight and Blindness in Oedipus Rex Essay -- Papers

Sight and Blindness in Oedipus RexOedipus Rex is a play about the right smart we cheat ourselves to painful truths that we cant bear to see. Physical sight and dimness are used throughout the play, often ironically, as a metaphor for psychical sight and blindness. The play ends with the hero Oedipus literally blinding himself to avoid seeing the result of his terrible fate. But as the play demonstrates, Oedipus, the man who killed his father and impregnated his mother, has been blind all along, and is partly responsible for his own blindness.When the play opens, the people of the town are asking Oedipus for help. A curse has been cast upon the city and the only way to remove it, is to find the murderer of the last king, Laios. Oedipus then makes a promise to the people that he will find the guilty and punish them.Oedipus can physically see, but his mental blindness inhibits him from seeing the truth of his life. During the course of the day he has been given many clues to r ealize the truth about himself. Such that his do is Oedipus and Oedipus means swollen foot, and...

Diary Entries for Juliet :: Papers

Diary Entries for Juliet Dear Diary, My time has come, I knew it would come soon, I am soon to be married. I dont know what to do or what to think. When I was told the news my life flashed before my eyes, I saw myself in a loveless gentleman and wife, sitting at home in old clothes, slaving over a hot stove all day and looking after the children, what multifariousness of a future is that? Getting married is an honour, because it shows you are wanted and the older you are the less likely you are to get married and your parents will ingest to look after you. I dont want to disappoint my parents, but I truly feel marriage, at this stage in my life, is not what I want. I am not ready to make such a commitment. The man I am meant to marry Im to meet at this party my father is throwing. I am supposed to like him, what happens if I dont? Even if I like him, I certainly dont want to marry him. My father, I think, will give me well-nigh say in the matter, after all it is my life and he is meant to love and respect me. My nanny is more like my mother, my mother and father werent around much(prenominal) when I was growing up and I feel a really strong bond between the nanny and I and she will support me some(prenominal) I choose, if I get to choose. This party is going to be the worst yet, Im not even bothered about what Im going to wear. Also I cant have it off myself because I know soon I could marry, possibly to someone who is not right for me. Come to think of it I know nothing about this man, how is the marriage supposed to last anyway? HELP I can hear my mother calling, got to go. Juliet Dear Diary, Romeo, Romeo, I am in love with Romeo, not with the man my dad picked, Paris.

Diary Entries for Juliet :: Papers

Diary Entries for Juliet Dear Diary, My time has come, I knew it would come soon, I am soon to be married. I dont know what to do or what to think. When I was told the news my life flashed before my eyes, I saw myself in a loveless married couple, sitting at home in old clothes, slaving over a hot stove all day and looking after the children, what configuration of a future is that? Getting married is an honour, because it shows you are wanted and the older you are the less likely you are to get married and your parents will deplete to look after you. I dont want to disappoint my parents, but I truly feel marriage, at this stage in my life, is not what I want. I am not ready to make such a commitment. The human being I am meant to marry Im to meet at this party my father is throwing. I am supposed to like him, what happens if I dont? Even if I like him, I certainly dont want to marry him. My father, I think, will give me just about say in the matt er, after all it is my life and he is meant to love and respect me. My nanny is more like my mother, my mother and father werent around frequently when I was growing up and I feel a really strong bond between the nanny and I and she will support me whatsoever I choose, if I get to choose. This party is going to be the worst yet, Im not even bothered about what Im going to wear. Also I cant be intimate myself because I know soon I could marry, possibly to someone who is not right for me. Come to think of it I know nothing about this man, how is the marriage supposed to last anyway? HELP I can hear my mother calling, got to go. Juliet Dear Diary, Romeo, Romeo, I am in love with Romeo, not with the man my dad picked, Paris.

Human Trafficking Essay

Since biblical times, men, women and children have been trafficked across borders and sold into slavery. The modern slavery trade is called piece trafficking. Young Adults should be aware of human trafficking because half of the 27 millions victims are immaturers, 600,000-800,000 people are trafficked across borders worldwide annually, and 10 minutes from here in Westminster there are buildings full of teenage girls trapped in the malicious lifestyle of a human trafficker.And so the counter argument, Erick Erickson a human events reporter stated if we legalized prostitution this would all go away. Meaning every m oney problem, all the kidnapping, every single little piece of slavery still today would simply disappear on one action. Some see eye to eye, others oppose robustly, without a clear decision and declaration the world stands oblivious. Sex Trafficking is a major issue in our society. As more researched is being done, it has come apparent that the sexual enslavement occurs most habitually in certain regions.The Eastern Europe, former Soviet Union countries, and The joined States stand out as the major source of forced prostitution. Eighty percent of the victims are female, and seventy percent of victims are trafficked for sex purposes. (New York Times) As conterminous generation leaders, we should become alert of this crisis and find a way to put a stop to it so our children outhouse have a safe and legal lifestyle. An ounce of cocaine wholesale $1,200. But you can only trade in it once. A woman or child $50 to $1,000.But you can sell them each day, every day, over and over again. The markup is immeasurable. (2005 Lifetime film Human Trafficking). The absolute ignorance of these so called geniuses is causing pain to more than 27 million lives. This 8 billion dollar industry not only affects the innocent lives being enslaved but also communities around the world. About every 45 minutes away, you can find houses full of young teens imprisoned to pe rform sexual acts and labor for the buyer. 00,000 is more common than an average person can believe, think twice out front you step outside your door.August 7th, 2009 Police arrest 23-year-old Westminster man who is connected to dealers in the business of prostitution and human trafficking. Eleven Vietnamese women are surmise of prostitution were arrested at the business location. The case was most commonly around Orange County, particularly in the Asian American communities around inadequate Saigon. Little Saigon is down he street from Garden Grove High School, knowing we are around the corner from danger , we should come together and discuss the ferociousness we will shun from here on out in our society for the better of mankind.My position on this subject matter is out of all the 27 million lives that were unlucky enough to escape this evil, we the free citizens should come to know this as a history and prevent it from growing any larger in our community. Take action, be loud , speak up, never underestimate our power, and become an inspiration for those in need.

Project Recommendation Email Essay

We have three project proposals to consider in next weeks Project Management moguls (PMO) Review. genus Piper Industries Corp. needs the projects to be complete and to be generating review within 12 months of next weeks PMO Review. W wipeoutell Deirelein, our vice-president, has assigned your team to probe the three projects below and make a recommendation on which project the company should invest in. The recommendation must include your team description of the basketball team phases of the project and the key deliverables (project completion date and salute) for each project.Project Code Name JuniperThis is an enhancement of a current widget being offered by our company. Risk of completion of this project on time is low. Product plan shows the critical path to be 6 months at a cost of $325,000 to put down the product to market. Product is forecasted to have a ROI of $250,000 for a period of 2 to 3 years. The third year is forecasted to be the end of life for this product cla ss due to advances projected in technology. This is a standard product line that marketing believes many customers will want to purchase. Project Code Name PalominoThis is a new line of widget products including enhancements using existing technology. Risk for completion of this project on time is medium. Production plan shows the critical path to be 9 months at a cost of $655,000 to bring the product to market. Product is forecasted to have a ROI of $450,000 for a period of 5 years. This product will be a custom part for one of your strategic customershistorically the forecasts from this customer have a 5% margin of error. The seventh year is forecasted to be the end of life for this product by the customer. Project Code Name StargazerResearch and development has already started on our new widgets. The company has spent $450,000 on this product so far and the estimate to bring this product to market is $575,000. Risk of completing this project on time is high.Product is forecasted to have ROI of $300,000 maiden year $550,000 the second year and $750,000 the third year. The product life is forecasted to be 7 years for this product. (This forecast included derivative product which will cost more). By delivering such an innovative product to the market place first, your organization will be seen as a leader in this industry. Your sales and marketing teams have discussed this type of product with a few of your strategic customers while some are interested, there are many questions about the business.Sincerely,Ray GritschPiper Industries Corporation

In the Country of Men Course Notes Essay

Thorough and insightful understanding of the ideas, characters and themes constructed and presented in the text. Complex discussion and critical analysis of the structures, features and conventions employ to conduct meaning. Complex analysis of the government agencys in which social, historical and/or cultural values atomic number 18 embodied in the text. Construction of a ripe interpretation, which demonstrates an understand of ways in which the text is open to assorted interpretation by different readers. Considered selection of significant textual recount and highly portion use of relevant metalanguage. Highly expressive, fluent and coherent writing.Hisham MatarBorn NY 1970Returned to Libya as a 3yoFather a diplomatAccused of opposition of Gadhafis regenerationIn 1979 family escaped to EgyptFather kidnapped by Egyptian guarantor in Cairo and handed over in Libya Never heard of again 2 letters in 1996.Matar biographical detailsPersonal experiences provide a real link to t he events of the novel Father of young Libyan captured by security forces and detained for his opposition to a regime which he claims oppresses freedom This novel is NOT a biography, rather a reflection of his own experiences, particularly his relationship with his mother. Matars messages uses his own experiences, or memory of these, to illustrate ideas about family and, to a lesser extent oppression.Where is Libya,North of Africa, encircled by Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Algeria.Near Turkey and Iran.The Problems with LibyaLibya was often diligent during its history Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans all colonised Libya in ancient quantify archaeological sites still there 7th century Arabs introduced Islam religion and cultureearly twentieth century Italy colonised Libya after an agree handst with British and French to carve up north Africa Italian influence still strong in Libya evidence in text Signor II Calzoni, Faraj reads and swears in Italian Post WWII Libya divided up between French and BritishGiven independence by them in 1951King Idris 1 ruled 1951 onwardsOil discoveries in 1959 made Libya a very strategi ejaculatey important and potentially wealthy outlandishGADDAFI1969 Muammar el Gaddafi (Qaddafi), a military officer, headed a military coup against the autocratic King Idris popular uprising Gaddafi known as The Leader Of The Revolution or The GuideErratic Ruler, became more and more autocratic himselfStrange manFormed in the 1980s Amazonian guards personal bodyguards all women Gaddafi claimed that they would be the perfect guards because Arab gunmen would not fire at women Many claimed that the guards were an example of his eccentric showmanship and that he enjoyed being surrounded by beautiful young women He always travelled surrounded by the GuardWomen were very well trained in martial arts and were apparently hand picked by Gadhafi himself They had to take a vow of justiceAfter he was deposed, some claimed they had been raped by himShades of 1984 Living in Libya, under GadhafiMost industries and media were controlled by stateMost aspects of peoples lives controlledTeleph peerlesss tapped, sometimes tapster intrudes on conversations ITCOM Easily identified secret police roam the streets watching people ITCOM Extensive surveillance systems 20-30% of people worked in surveillance for theRevolutionary committees which oversaw and infiltrated every part of Libyan Society. They are able to passport into peoples homes and look for evidence of disloyalty ITCOM Press was silencedUniversity students silencedPublic excecutions of enemies of state, often televised ITCOM people lived in fear of being accused of crimes against the revolution Gadhafi had dissidents spiritedness overseas assassinated. His power is evident not just in Libya however also in Egypt where the Matar family escape to, scarce Gadhafis supporters in Egypt capture the father and hand him over to Gadhafis regime. Libya was known as a pariah state for many years one which acts in a brutal way against its own citizens Libya often shunned by other countries because of active promotion of, and sanctuary given to, terrorist groups. bighearted BrotherCult of personality built around Gadhafi (Recall 1984)Referred to himself as The Guide of Libya, rather than the leader. Called himself a socialist, an Arabist, an African and a Moslem at various times in his rule. He changed according to which way the political wind was blowing and his actions were always about maintaining power.LibyaMainly a Muslim nation. People called to daily prayers from loudspeakers in mosques. drunkenness and eating of prok prohibited. Often women are required to cover up in public. Like all religions, followers range from strictly observant to those who are Muslim in name only. Suleimans mother drinks when father is away but doesnt go out when she drinks because alcohol is prohibited (ITCOM) Alcohol is prohibited by both the Koran and the legal system. Arranged marriage s (ITCOM) blood feuds, arguments common, particularly in underdeveloped areasWhat ideas are these covers trying to convey?Cover 3 bleak, dark, tree represents nurse mulberry tree, tree of knowledge. Storm clouds suggest bad luck is coming etc. again the contrastlooks very western Cover 4. Plain black-and-blue and blue almost white and blue collar shirts, the smart and the dumb, the rich and the poor. and the boy being in the middle almost a shadow, not deoxycytidine monophosphate% there. Red the colour of anti revolutionary. How are the colour font and other visual aspects used to convey meaning here? The white colour reflects the heating of Libya and the shadow of the boy reflect that hes not entirely there, the colour use of red is anti revolutionary, symbolic of blood.Why do you look at that the author chose the title IN THE COUNTRY OF MEN for this book? Muslim way of life, women are almost lesser important, symbolizes no freedom or have in mind of women at all, almost symb olizes the WWI as WWI was for men only and women didnt fight at all. What questions are raised about concepts of country, manhood and humanity? The country of men means its really a man dominant country, there is no such thing as a woman almost. Very sexist nightspot How does the title tie in with the themes of the novel and the position of the characters as they struggle in their environment?How does the author use contrasting imagery in the scuttle passage to set the tone of the book? How does the image of people seeking mercy from the heat reflect the broader condition of the characters?HOLIDAY HOMEWORKHow is betrayal shown to be a strong force in the lives of the characters in the country of men? In the country of men suggests that people cannot parry brutality in a country under a dictatorship. Discuss.What forms of imprisonment are depicted in the novel? How do the characters experience and react to a lack of freedom? with the mothers alcohol, women are imprisoned by men, in the country of men, means no voice for women. What can we infer about the lives of women in Libya during the time period correspond in the story? They are in a mans world with no control.Throughout the novel, Suleiman refers to his mothers alcoholism as her illness. How accurate is this observation? Do you receive it is a reflection of Suleimans naivety in youth or a kind of wisdom about her actualcondition?In the outlandish of Men ThemesNarrative voiceThe novel is written in first person narration, largely through the eyes of 9 year old Suleiman, but with comments at times from him as an adult. Much of it is internal monologue, one of the reasons that matar created Suleiman as an only child. As he had no one to talk to he internalises his experiences, therefrom making for a more reflective novel. The child-like commentary allows for readers to understand things that Suleiman does not for example, Mamas medicine and her illness. NamesNames and naming are important in the text . Interestingly, Suleimans name can be traced back to Suleiman the Magnificent, the emperor of the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth century who expanded the imperium significantly and instigated enormous social and cultural developments. He is also known as Slooma a family name which is appropriated by Sharief and habibi by his mother which means my ducky beloved or baby (Innocence)SETTINGThe setting of Lepcis Magma is used symbolically as a fallen civilization, an example of how every society will one day decay and die. The concerns of its people have long disappeared into time.MOTIFSThe heath/summer is a motif running through the novel. At times it represents hell, as Suleiman tries to avoid hell by practising running over the bridge to paradise. Other times, its glare stupefies the people and pushes them indoors, leaving only the children to jostle each other outside. The long age of summer without school also allows for Suleiman to have the freedom where he observes the adults more than usual. The sea is also another motif, the beautiful blue ocean just at the end of the road. At times Suleiman swims in it looking to be cooled and cleansed from the dirty activities he faces day-to-day. He tries to take Kareem into it to seek some solace from his grief but Kareem resists. Interestingly, it is here where he almost drowns Bahoul the beggar, exerting his power and giving into the base urges that he sees in his societySYMBOLISMThe symbolism of replacing the pic of Baba with an enormous picture of the Guide in the reception room, shows loyalty to the regime and the strains on family relationships. Also showing that they have nothing to hide to show loyalty. Shows their not related to what Baba did, and the eviscerate is now their father and father of Libya.The games played by the boys, games such as My land, Your Land where they try to take power by gaining more land, represents the political games of the older men around them. The squabbles and fights are also a microcosm forthe violence in the country in which they are growing up.Much is made of the power of row in this novel. In an act of resistance to the dictatorship. Nasser is seen running through Martyrs square after Faraj, clutching a typewriter used for producing subversive pamphlets. In another scene, Najwa and Moosa burn all Farajs books to save him from incrimination however, the image of books burning is redolent of violent regimes trying to rid themselves of intellectuals who might question them. Moosa is a poet and lover of language he is also closely tied with dissident acts.Linked to this idea, is the power of storytelling. Ironically, Najwa condemns Scheherazade for being a coward who accepted slavery over death pg15. She berates her for not standing up to her husband, for staying to look after her children, for being thankful for her life. The irony is that Najwa appears to be restricted as Scheherazade was and she also seems to fall in love with her husband over t ime. To Suleiman though she is a hero that she managed to keep telling tales without giving in to fear amazes him. Also, he is a storyteller too, as is Mama.Loyalty and Betrayal the novel addresses the abridge of loyalty. How do the characters experience loyalty and betrayal? Discuss some examples. What do you hypothecate is the main cause of some of the betrayals that occur?In chapter 5, Moosa says its our obligation to call hurt by its name pg53 Suleimans mother replies go call it by its name in your country. Here it is either silence or exile, walk by the wall or leave. Go be a hero elsewhere. What does she mean? Who is right? How do the different characters in the novel face injustice and what are the consequences?Point of meet?How does the point of view of the story affect the way that we see the injustices represented in the story? How might this be different if the narrator were an adult? Hisham Matar has much in common with Suleiman. Both left Libya where they were child ren, although unlike Suleiman, Matar wasaccompanied by his parents. In 1990, Matars father was kidnapped while living in exile in Cairo and was returned to Libya, where he was tortured and imprisoned. He has not heard from him since. How does knowing the similarities between the author and protagonist affect the way you think about the novel?Role of womenDo the women in Suleimans life have any true power, and if so, from where is it derived?How has Suleimans opinion of his mother changed by the time he reaches the novels closing scenes?Insight into the textWhat is the effect of reading about this episode in history through a childs point of view? What clarity does it bring? In what ways do a childs impulses muddy the truth?When the students visit Lepcis Magna, Kareem states, Children are unprofitable in a war. Do you think this is true? What might the authors point of view be?What profession does Suleiman ultimately choose? Why do you think the author decided to have Suleiman choos e this profession? Pg 232 He chose the profession of medicine, being a pharmacist. It reflected the influence his mother had on him with her illness and helped him to understand what it really was.Gadhafi is the most important character in the novel, despite his absence. Do you agree?The novel examines the futility of resisting oppressive power. Discuss. How does Matar use both tension and narrative point of view to engage the reader?How is tradition shown to be a powerful force in the lives of the characters in In the Country of Men?How does Matar develop a horse sense of time and of place in his novel?Along with confusion, pain and despair, there is a strong message of hope in Matars novel. To what extent do you agree?Corruption is not only isolated to the Libyan dictatorship.To what extent do you agree?In the Country of Men suggests that life demands a survival between resistance and surrender. DiscussIn the Country of Men demonstrates that it is a mans actions that dene him. D iscussIn In the Country of Men, Matar shows more sympathy for women than for men. Discuss.Why does our country long for us so savagely?Matars love of his country and his fears for it permeate his novel In the Country of Men. Discuss.How does Suleimans view of the world change during the course of the novel?Despite the horror of the political regime, this is still a novel about the power of love. To what extent do you agree?

American Film History 1930-60

The chief technological innovation during the 1930s was the development of doubtful focus cinematography. Deep focus involved the expansion of depth of field, resulting in images that maintained sharp focus from objects in the extreme foreground to those in the aloof background. Deep focus was achieved by filming with extremely wideangled lenses whose apertures had been stopped down. This sort of cinematography was made possible by a variety of developments in related to fields of film technology.In 1939 the introduction of lens coatings, which permitted 75 per cent more than light to pass through the lens to the film inside the camera, enabled cinematographers to decrease the lens aperture an additional stop, facilitating greater image definition. The results of these developments can be seen in Orson Welles Citizen Kane (1941). This and other films which were shot in exteriors took advantage of relatively short focal-length lenses and abundant sun to produce deep images. Accor ding to this new code, the film stocks greater sensitivity to the full range of colours signified a greater substantiveism.On Citizen Kane the Toland style is al or so pronounced, most systematically and effectively employed, and most widely recognized. Although he had been refining his methods in the films with Wyler and Ford, Toland had yet satisfactorily to combine his technical and stylistic interests within a unity picture. He saw Citizen Kane as a chance to experiment on a large scale. In a June 1941 article in Popular picture taking entitled How I Broke the Rules on Citizen Kane, Toland related that the photographic approach was planned and considered long before the first camera turned, which was itself most unconventional in Hollywood, where cinematographers generally have only a few days to prepare to shoot a film. Robert L. Carringer, in his indepth sudy of the production, writes that Welles and Toland approached the film together in a spirit of revolutionary fervor, a nd that Welles not only encouraged Toland to experiment and tinker, he positively insisted on it (Nowell-Smith 45). The work indicated something of a shift to a more documentary-style realism.Citizen Kane was, then, an opportunity for Toland to make flamboyant deep focus identified with his own work. Welles had come to Hollywood with no professional film experience, and (according to Welles) Toland had sought out the Kane assignment. After the filming was completed, Toland was at pains to claim several innovations. For greater realism, he explained, many sets were designed with ceilings, which required him to light from the floor. Since the sets were also deep, he relied on the carrying power of arc lamps.Furthermore, since Welles and Toland had decided to stage action in depth, Toland sought great depth of focus by using Super XX film, increasing the lighting levels, and using optically coated wide-angle lenses (Bordwell 45). The result shifted the traditional limits of deep space . In yielding a depth of field that prolonged from about eighteen inches to infinity, Tolands pan-focus made it possible to have a sharp foreground plane in medium shot or even close-up and keep mum keep very distant background planes in focus. Fifty years on, Kane carcass contentious.French critic Andre Bazin, who saw it in 1946 at the same time as Italian neo-realism, argued that its extensive use of deep focus promoted the reality of the phenomenal world of the film, save subsequent critics have noted that the film is also extremely self-conscious, artificial, and even baroque. The use of deep focus was not unique, and director of photography Gregg Toland had already experimented with it on other productions. Welless role as author of the film has also been heatedly contested, notably by Pauline Kael (1974), who argued, probably incorrectly, that the script was solely the work of Herman J.Mankiewicz. But even if Kane was not completely novel in its structures or techniques, it remains the fact that these techniques are masterfully integrated in the films complex texture. Bazin, for example, argued that Citizen Kane was a film of high quality in that it was a film of realism. Realism was an axiom of his aesthetic position. But the statement which links this axiom with the specific aesthetic judgement of Citizen Kane raises problems. The realism of the film, Bazin argues, derives from its use of deep-focus photography and minimal cutting.Such techniques minimize fragmentation of the real world. The trouble is that this could be a definition of realism as nonfragmentation, or an assertion that films employing such techniques are perceived as more real. The latter, unlike the former, is feed to empirical test, although Bazin uses it as a selfevident aesthetic judgement. Thus, although there is nothing inherently wrong with the argument, it does involve incompatible sorts of statements with consequent different criteria of adequacy.Bazin does share a im mense admiration for the achievements of Italian neo-realism in particular. And yet Bazin rarely falls into the trap of seeming to formulate a puritan aesthetic which will include neo-realism at the expense of all else. Unlike Kracauer (formally, at least) he admits to different forms of realism. Thus, for example, the distinction he draws between the documentary realism of Scarface and the aesthetic realism of Citizen Kane, twain forms allegedly finding their trades union in La Terra Trema (Bordwell 90).This willingness to speak of different types of realism can lead to problems in interpreting his position. In Signs and Meaning in the Cinema, Wollen takes to task both contemporary inheritors of Bazins views (Barr and Metz) over their opposition of Rossellini and Eisenstein. The villain for Bazin, he points out, was not Eisenstein, but German Expressionism. But the real problem is that at different times, and in different ways, Bazin occupies both positions. He starts life invok ing a case similar to Kracauers in favour of a purist realism.But this proves too limiting for his much more catholic tastes, and so he also develops a second case as spatial realism. Unfortunately, he never really brings the two conceptions face to face never really resolves the strains between them. It seems useful here to take a closer look at these basics of his argument The realism of the cinema follows directly from its photographic nature. non only does some marvel or some fantastic thing on the screen not undermine the reality of the image, on the contrary, it is its most logical justification.Illusion in the cinema is not found as it is in the theatre on convention tacitly accepted by the general public rather, contrariwise, it is based on the inalienable realism of that which is shown. All trick work must be perfect in all material respects on the screen. The ultraviolet man must wear pyjamas and smoke a cigarette (Bazin 108). Andre Bazin puts Welles in his pantheon of realist directors, along with Renoir, Rossellini, De Sica, Stroheim, Flaherty, and even Murnau (whom he praises for choosing the moving camera over editing in the construction of many of his filmic scenes).Yet Citizen Kane is also a film in the tradition of German Expressionism. Like Murnau, Welles externalized the subjectivity of his characters (and especially of Kane) by means of psychologically charged settings, acute camera angles, distorting lenses, and disconcerting camera movements (Tudor 56). The demented architecture of Xanadu in the mist-enshrouded shots at the beginning of the film recalls Howard Hawks Scarface (1932). Near the end of the film both Susan and Kane are dwarfed by the oversized ornaments and statuary that furnish Xanadu, and serve as external projections of Kanes inner deadness and mindless materialism.The gargantuan rooms through which their voices reproductionthey nearly have to shout at each other to be heardreflect the distance that has grown between t hem. When Kane steps into an enormous clamorous fireplace and informs Susan that Our home is here, he metaphorically becomes the host of hell. After Susan leaves him, Kane, now utterly al one(a), wanders past a structure of double reflecting mirrors which reflect his image into infinity. As far as he looks, all he can see are images of himself, a perfect physical representation for a man pin down within his own narcissism.Welles also used extreme camera angles and strange camera movements in conjunction with his expressive mise-en-scene. In the year of its release, Citizen Kane was a radically experimental filmfully twenty years ahead of its timeand was widely recognized as such by American critics. Citizen Kane is surely the most celebrated and analyzed of all English language films and, arguably, the greatest at least as measured by periodic surveys of critics and scholars. We saw that in the forties a realist aesthetic somewhat modified classical practice. This was conceived as partly an objective verisimilitude, especially of setting and lighting.Location shooting, taken in conjunction with low-key (mood) lighting, helped define one distinct postwar cinematographic practice. This practice did not fundamentally violate classical principles of causal and generic motivation. This conception of realism also owed something to a standardization of deep-focus shooting. Certain traits became public to many realistic films of the 1940s and 1950s. Finally, Bazin sees both forms of realism in spatial realism of Welles. Certainly Citizen Kane preserves the unity of space through Tolands deep-focus photography.Certainly the cuts are minimized by use of dissolves and joins across the soundtrack. But Welles is, nevertheless, the true inheritor of expressionism, the specialist in the distortion by camera angle, the mysterious shadows once painted but now created through lighting, the grotesque, and the baroque. Works Cited Bazin, Andre, What is Cinema? op. cit. Bordw ell, David, The Classical Hollywood Cinema Film Style & Mode of Production to 1960. Routledge London, 1988. Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford University compaction Oxford, 1997. Tudor, Andrew, Theories of Film. Viking Press New York, 1974.

My Experience Essay

As I reflect upon my purport I will describe facts and events believed to soak up contributed to the person I am today. I like how Merriam Websters online dictionary explains experience as something personally encountered, undergone, or lived by dint of. I have encountered difficulties, circumstances, and triumphs that have helped me to convey as a person. I am pursuing a higher education as my future goal. In this paper, I will apply theories from heavy(p) Development and Life Assessment in my explanation of challenges I have faced during childhood to adulthood.I was born in Chicago, one of six girls and the inwardness child of twelve. As early as I erect remember we worked as a group. We played together and we worked in the garden that my parents made in our back yard. I hated the garden because every time I necessityed to go play, I first had pick vegetables out of the garden. I didnt understand at the time that my parents used the garden to help feed our large family. My dad always worked two jobs his primary employment was with a caller-out called Central Soya. When my father retired from there we moved to Alabama because the cost of living was cheaper.We didnt have a lot of material things like clothes and shoes. My stupefy would buy tennis shoes from the grocery store and my brothers would be so embarrassed because their friends saw them trying on the shoes in the store. I can remember my dad making me a pair of pants for school I thought they were the prettiest pair of pants I had ever seen. It was cheaper to make a pair of pants than to buy them.My parents cut corners any way they could. We may not have had material things but what we did have was love and lots of talent. non real talent but talent thats appreciated in a family. On rainy days mom and dad would have us put on a talent show. It was so much fun that we kept the tradition even until adulthood. On birthdays and holidays we would use our talents to entertain mom and dad. Birthdays were curiously special because my dad would make me a birthday cake. He was a really good cook and everyone in the neighborhood wanted a instal of his cake.My sixteenth birthday marked a significant shift in my life. I became pregnant and it was one of the biggest mistakes that started a downward spiral in my life. I hung out with older girls that had children. They were into partying and so called having a good time. Our environment plays a huge role in how we develop, what pathways are open to us, and which are closed (Witt, G.A., & Mossler, R. A. (2010). I feel like the environment that I chose to be in led to early exploration of drugs and alcohol. I could see myself going in the wrong education with more terrible consequences if I didnt make a change. I stopped hanging out and got my first job. It was on a military unspiritual in the mess hall. I met a soldier and we got married on our way to work one day when I was twenty one eld old.We dated for four months then he went overseas for a year. We married a year later after he returned to the states. Being married was a challenge because he was abusive physically, verbally, and mentally. I had listened to his insults for so long that they became part of my own vocabulary. I began to think that maybe he was right, maybe if I could cook, clean, set up or talk better it would fix our problems. In our text Freud believed that the mind uses defense mechanism to protect itself from severe distress. In the runner I rationalized everything he did, in rationalization we look for an acceptable reason to justify our thinking or behavior (Witt & Mossler 2010). I got involved in church and accepted the headmaster Jesus Christ as my savior. As a result I think a lot of the abusive behavior was able to continue because I simply forgave, thinking it was the Christian thing to do.According to Haan (1977), coping strategies involve choice and purposive behavior, are oriented toward reality, involve differentiated th inking that integrates certain and preconscious aspects, and permit affective satisfaction in an open, ordered, and tempered way (Psychology and Aging 2000 ). It came to a point after seventeen years of abuse I couldnt take it anymore. I had done all that I could physically to have a successful marriage but it wasnt working out for me. I had to face the cruel reality that my marriage was over. Finally I filed for a divorce, which was one of the scariest things I have ever done in my life. Going through the divorce gave me a sense of freedom and strength that I had never experienced in my marriage. Getting a divorced was the best thing I could have done for myself. It started me on a journey to find out what I want out of life for myself.It marked a new beginning to a better, brighter future in my life. I was free to make my own decisions that impact my life. One of those decisions was returning to school for a score. I really want to be an example to my daughter and her children t hat education is the key to success, and you are never too old to be successful in life.I must strike that I was very afraid of returning to school because I thought that I would not be successful. I thought that I wouldnt be able to remember things or comprehend how to do the work. Some researchers contend that intellectual functioning is a process of irreversible decline. However, most scholars agree that intuition either remains relatively stable through the adult years, with substantial intellectual changes occurring only very late in life, or that intelligence declines in some respects, remains stable in others, and may even increase in some functions, depending on a persons educational level, life experiences, and overall health (Intelligence and Aging 2007). I am now encouraged to pursue my education. Im not too old, I plan to death my courses and earn my degree. My goal is to apply for higher positions that require a degree. There will be many opportunities open to me onc e I earn my degree in my field of study.In conclusion, I have shared different experiences that have influenced my personal life. I have used theories from this class to support my experiences and I have shared my future plans to achieve my academic goals. Every lesson I complete moves me one step closer to my goal.ReferencesIntelligence and Aging (2007) Learning in Adulthood A Comprehensive Guide.Retrieved from http//www.credoreference.com/entry/wileyla/intelligence-and-agingWitt, G. A., Mossler, R.A., (2010). Adult Development Retrieved from http//content.ashford. edu /AUPYS202.10.1Vief, G. L., Diehl, M., (2000) Cognitive complexity and cognitive-affective integration. Psychology and Aging. Vol.15 (3) US American Psychological Association pp. 490 -504.doi10.1037/0882-7974.15.3.490

National Bank Essay

A research program is very important & essential for acquiring experience through learning and spreading the backcloth of Knowledge. I agree done my research program in national swear limit, abroad Exchange Branch. This research tarradiddle is aimed at providing a nationwide picture to the areas of remote Exchange operation of issue Bank Limited. The composition has been divided into twelve parts. These are- Introduction, Brief History of Banking Sector of Bangladesh, Corporate review of NBL, Foreign Exchange, Documents Used in Foreign Exchange occupancy, Letter of Credit (L/C), Import, Export, Foreign Remittance, Findings and Analysis, References. National Bank Limited is one of the largest commercial Bank of Bangladesh. The main verifiable of the Bank is to house all of entrusting services at the doorsteps of the tribe. The Bank also participates in versatile social and development programs and takes part in implementation of various policies and promises made by t he Government.National Bank Limited plays a pioneering role in handling foreign workmanship and foreign give-and-take transactions. With wide profits of branches at home and a large number of correspondent argots worldwide, it is handling the largest volume of export-import credit line including homebound remittances. For this reason, Foreign Exchange of the Bank is very a lot(prenominal) essential. But now a days canting companying vault of heaven of Bangladesh is suffering the disease of default culture which is the consequence or result of bad surgical process of most banks. There are three types of modes of foreign exchange market, which are- Export Financing, Import Financing and Foreign Remittance.Foreign Exchange Branch does these foreign exchange activities vastly. In this report, I mention the overall operating procedure of foreign exchange transaction of National Bank Limited. I also mention the findings of my report and describe the exhortation to overcome the limitation. I have taken all the reasonable care to ensure the accuracy and quality to make the report standard. And I believe that it has included all the necessary information to be relevant.INTRODUCTIOINORIGIN OF THE REPORTAs a mandatory part the BBA Program, all the students of the faculty ofBusiness Studies, Premier University, Chittagong have to undergo a three month recollective research program with an objective of gaining practical knowledge ab give away current worry world. After this research program each and every students have to submit a research report mentioning their activities during the research program. Ive started my research at the National Bank Limited, Foreign Exchange Branch. At the end of the research program I am submitting my research report focusing on the contribution of Foreign Exchange operation to the overall performance of bank especially on profitability perspective under the supervision of Tasnim Uddin Chowdhury, Lecturer, Department of Finance , in Premier University, Chittagong.OBJECTIVES OF THE guinea pigThe general objective of the study is to gather practical knowledge regarding banking system of rules and operation. The research gives us a chance to relate the four year long theoretical learning of BBA Program with the reserch experience. This consists the followingTo get an overall idea slightly the Foreign exchange Business of National Bank Limited. To apply theoretical knowledge in the practical field.To describe the organizational structure, management, background, functions and objectives of the bank and its contribution to the national economy. To achieve overall understanding of National Bank Limited.To analyze the financing systems of the bank to find out any contributing field. To examine the profitability and productivity of the bank.To acquire knowledge about the everyday banking operation of National Bank Limited.To evaluate the effect of world recession on foreign exchange income of NBL, Foreign Exch ange Branch.To understand the real management situation and try to recommend for improving animated problems.SCOPE OF THE STUDYThis study raises those scopes of knowing are the following History and performance of National Bank Limited.Terms used in foreign exchange operationsForeign exchange operations of National Bank LimitedLiterature review.Total concept of Foreign Exchange Operation.methodological analysis OF THE STUDYThe report is prepared on the basic of foreign Exchange of National Bank Limited. To conduct the overall study, at come I explored the sources of primalval and Secondary information and entropy. Different files of the department and statement prepared by FED helped me to prepare this report. To present numerical data, I used the Annual address of 2008 and monthly statement of January to October 2009 of National Bank Limited, Foreign Exchange Branch. For preparing this report I have used some graphical representation to find out different types of analytica l and interpretation.SOURCES OF DATAAs mentioned earlier, mainly primary and secondary data has been used. Some eras the customers gave some important information regarding the services of the Bank principal(a) DATAOfficial records of National Bank Limited (NBL)..Expert opinion.SECONDARY DATAMonthly Statement of NBL.Annual Report of NBL.Official Files.Selected books.Other manual of arms information.Websites.Various publications on the Bangladesh Bank.Newspaper reports in this concern.DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONBoth three-figure and qualitative analysis will be performed on the findings. The quantitative analysis will be done on the trend of export- import, growth pattern of export-import, pre and post facilities provided for easing the export-import operations. Qualitative analyses will be based on the macroeconomic variables and foreign exchange policy provided by Bangladesh bank, the central bank of Bangladesh. Different statistical tools will be used for the analysis of th e findings.LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYTo provide current information and to make the report read-worthy, support from various sources is essential. In spite of having my wholehearted effort, I could not collect some information unavoidable at the time of the study. So this study is not free from the following limitation Due to unavailability of latest annual report (Annual report 2009), I have to prepare the report on the basis of annual report 2008. As a result, analysis, presentation of data may not show the existing position/present condition of National Bank Limited. For the whole research I had only 90 long time, out of which I get 61 days because of late commencement of research program, which were totally insufficient. So I faced time shortage extremely. Lack of previous experience to prepare this type of report and it is totally clean to me as an intern.Foreign exchange division follows Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCPDC), but within this short peri od, I was totally stunned to understand. Learning all the banking functions within just two months was really difficult. Sometimes the officers of National Bank Limited were very busy. For this reason the in the flesh(predicate) did not co-operate me. National Bank Limited did not give me any kind of monetary support for this research program Most of the working days in NBL, I have to work in cash department to help in IPO subscription collection, so I get limited time work in other departments to have practical knowledge Another limitation ofthis report is Banks policy of not disclosing some data and information for obvious reason, which could be very much helpful.BRIEF HITORY OF BANKING SECTOR OF BDEVOLUTION OF THE WORD BANKThe word bank originated from Italian word Banca. Banca bureau long tool. In ancient time Italian Jews merchant used to do business of lending funds by sitting on the tools. It is assume that the word bank derived from the word Banca. To meet the expense of war of 1171 one type credit certificate was launched in Italy at an interest rate of 5% it was called as Monte in Italian language and Bank in German language then German language was widely used in Italy. As a result the word Bank gradually changed to the word Banca from which the word Bank originated.THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN BANKINGThe linguistics and etymologists suggests an interesting story about banking origins. Both the old French word Banque and the Italian word Banca were used centuries ago to mean a bench or moneychangers table. This describes quite well(p) what historians have observed concerning the first bankers, who lived more than 2000 years ago. They were money changers, situated usually at table or in a small shop in the commercial district, aiding travelers who came to town by exchanging foreign coins for local money or discounting commercial notes for a fee in ensnare to supply merchants with working capital. The first bankers probably used their own capital to fund their activities, but it was not long before the idea of attracting deposit and securing temporary loans from wealthy customers became a source of bank funding.Loans were then made to merchants shippers and landowners at rates of interests low as 6 percent per annum to as high as 48 percent a month for the riskiest ventures. Most of the early bank was Greek in origin. The banking industry gradually spread outward from the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome into Federal and western Europe. The early bank in Europe was places for safe keeping of valuable items (such as gold andsilver bullion) as people came to fear sacking of their asset due to war, theft, or expropriation by authorities. When colonies were established in North and South America, old world banking practice were transferred .DEVELOPMENT OF BANKING IN BANGLADESHSince early British rule, the history of banking in Bangladesh territory shows that the traditional pile-networks developed before the banks inv aded rural areas. And the banking services have slowly flourished in Bangladesh territory. Even today, in many places, moneylenders provide credit services. Small shopkeepers and businessman use informal credit at high interest rate. Traditional mahjongs money lending business gradually declined due to expansion of bank and the micro credit programs of NGOs, cooperative banks and government agencies.PUBLIC SECTOR BANKSDuring the liberation war in 1971, the economic, political, and social system including the banking system was severally damaged. At that time, all big and medium financial institutions except two small banks had their head office in the West Pakistan. The non-beagle owners and managers of the financial establishments that operated in East Pakistan had abandoned them. After independence in 1971, the new government had to take over management and ownership of all such institutions. The banks nationalization Order 1972 was issued to nationalize banks and financial inst itutions (except those incorporated abroad) in order to control chaos in the field of ownership, party bureaucracy, the intelligentsia, and pressure group. By several orders the government of Peoples Republic of Bangladesh created- Six nationalized commercial banks (NCBs)1. Sonali Bank2. Agrani Bank3. Janata Bank4. Rupali Bank5. Pubali Bank6. Uttra BankOne industrial bank (BSB)One agricultural bank (BKB)One industrial development financial institution (BSRS) The bank and financial institutions which originated during the Pakistan period and were merged, and renamed and functioning after independence of Bangladesh. In the year 1983, the government allowed hugger-mugger sector to participate in the banking business. The Publi Bank and the Uttara Bank were denationalized in 1985, due to non profitability. This action reduced the number of NCBs to four. Such restructuring of public sector banks was in order to play their role in industry, agriculture, export, self employment etc.PRIVAT E COMMERCIAL BANKSTaking advantage of the liberalization policy of the government regarding participation of close sector in the banking business, a number of head-to-head banks were established in and after 1983. With the emergence of head-to-head banks in Bangladesh, a competitive situation in the sector has been created. Now there are 48 commercial banks in Bangladesh which are enlisted with Bangladesh Bank, among them four (4) are NCBs, five (5) are specialized banks, twenty club (29) are buck private commercial banks and ten (10) are foreign commercial banks. The emergence of private banks has added a new dimension to the banking system in Bangladesh. The private commercial banks show a steady growth in terms of number of branches, deposit and advances.CORPORATE REVIEW OF NATIONAL BANKHistory of National Bank LimitedNational Bank Limited has its prosperous past, glorious present, prospective future and under processing projects and activities. Established as the first priva te sector Bank fully owned by Bangladeshi entrepreneurs, NBL has been flourishing as the largest private sector bank with the passage of time after veneering many stress and strain. The member of the board of directors is creative businessman and international economist. For rendering all advanced(a)services, NBL, as a financial institution alter all its branches with computer network in accordance with the competitive commercial demand of time. Moreover, considering its forth- coming future the infrastructure of the Bank has been much more to NBL. Keeping the target in mind NBL has taken preparation branches by the wear 2000-2001. The emergence of National Bank Limited in the private sector is an important event in the banking area of Bangladesh. When the national was in the grip of severe recession, Govt. took the farsighted decision to allow in the private sector to revive the economy of the country.Several dynamic entrepreneurs came forward for establishing a bank with a mott o to revitalize the economy of the country. National Bank Limited was innate(p) as the first hundred percent Bangladesh owned Bank in the private sector. From the very inception it is the firm determination of National Bank Limited to play a vital role in the national economy. We are determined to bring back the long forgotten taste of banking services and flavors. We compulsion to serve each one promptly and with a sense of dedication and dignity. The President of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh Justice Ahsanuddin Chowdhury inaugurated the bank formally on March 28, 1983 but the first branch at 48, Dilkusha Commercial Area, Dhaka started functioning on March 23, 1983. The 2nd Branch was opened on eleventh May 1983 at Khatungonj, Chittagong. Today we have total 103 Branches all over Bangladesh. A representative office was established in Yangon, Myanmar in October, 1996 by our bank and obtained permission from the government of Bangladesh to handle border trade with Myanmar .oppo rtunities is being explored for further business avenues there.Now NBL is on line to establish trade and communication with the prime international banking companies of the world. As a result NBL will be able to build a strong root in international banking horizon .Bank has been muster arrangement with well conversant money transfer service agency Western union. It has full time arrangement for speedy transfer of money all over the world. Banking is not only a profit oriented commercial institution but it has a public bas and social commitment admitting this unbowed NBL is going on with its diversified banking activities NBL introduced monthly Savings Scheme, special Deposit Scheme, and Consumers. Credit Scheme and savings Insurance scheme etc. To combine the people of lower and middle income group. A team of highly qualified and experiment professional headed by the managing Director of thebank who has vast banking experience operates bank and at the top three is an efficient Bo ard of Directors for making policies.Vision of National Bank LimitedEstablishing as a top grade efficient bank through best application of modern information technology and business activities, offering high standard client services and Proper coordination of foreign trade business in the core of their vision.Mission of national bank LimitedWith a view to achieving commercial objective of the bank, their sincere and all out efforts deterrent put unabated. Respected client and shareholders are attracted to us for our transparency, accountability, social communities, and high quality of clientele services.Objective of national Bank LimitedBring modern banking facilities to the doorsteps of general public through diversification of services, thereby arousing saving propensity among the people. Foreign a cordial, deep rooted and farm banker customer relationship by dispensing prompt and modify clientele services. Taking part in the development of the national economy through productiv e development of the banks resources as well as patronizing different social activities. Connecting clients to modern banking practices by the best application of improved information technology, so that they get encouraged to continue and feel high of banking with NBL. Responding to the need of the time by participating in the syndicated large loan financing with like-minded banks of the country, thereby expanding the area of enthronement Elevating the image of the bank at home and abroad by sustained expansion of its activities.Strategies of National Bank LimitedTo manage and operate the bank in the most efficient mode to enhance financial performance and to control cost of fund. To strive for customer satisfaction through quality control and delivery of timely services. To identify customer credit and other banking needs and monitor their perception towards our performance in meeting those and update requirement. To review and update policies procedures and practices to enhanc e the ability to extend stop services to customer. To train and develop all employs and provide them adequate resources so that customer needs can responsibility addressed. To promote organizational effectiveness by openly communicating company plans, policies, practices and procedures to all employers in a timely fashion To naturalise a working environment that fosters positive motivation for improved performance To diversify portfolio both in the retail and whole sale market. To increase direct contact with customer in order o cultivate a closer relationship Business GoalTo patronize, sponsor and encouraged games and sports, entertainment and other socio-economic activities alongside providing the best services to the client.The Future thrust entire duplex on-line BankingIntroducing more innovative products and services Opening new branchesExpansion of business network at home and abroad SMS BankingIntroduction of new liability / Asset productsCorporate CultureEmployees of NBL s hare certain common values, which helps to create a NBL culture.The client comes firstSearch for professional excellence bleakness to new ideas& new methods to encourage creativity Quick decision makingFlexibility and prompt responseA sense of professional ethics exploitation and Development of NBLThe NBL carries out all traditional functions, which a commercial bank performs such as mobilization of the deposit, investment of funds, financing export and import business, trade and commerce and industry. The banking sector in the country faced different problems thought the year. Even through the board and management never stopped its effort to maximize wealth, which is reflected by 143.97percent profit growth in 2007, highest ever in the last 15 years. The bank earned the 676.45 core revenue in 2007 as interest, income from investment and commission & exchange earning, which who Tk. 53069 corer in the provision year. As a result the total operating profit rode to Tk. 221.51 corer in 2007 from Tk.114.68 corer in the previous year.Branches of NBLNBL, which was started at Dilkusha Branch on March 23rd, 1983, was the first major commercial Bank. In Bangladesh operating throughout the country as well as the age of the bank is only 25 years .During this period it has established total 112 branches over the country and made smooth network inside the country as well as thought the world. The number of branches as well as territory wise is mentioned in the table.

Classification of Modern Germanic Languages and their Distribution Essay

Classification of languages means their placement into families or phyla fail on the basis of lexical or typological similarity or sh ared ances chastise. Languages may thus be classified either genetic wholey or typologically. A genetic assortment assumes that certain languages are related in that they drive home evolved from a common ancestral language. This form of compartmentalisation employs antediluvian records as well as hypothetical reconstructions of the earlier forms of languages, called protolanguages. Typological classification is found on similarities in language structure. As for the English language, genetically (historically) it belongs to the Germanic or Teutonic group of languages of the Indo-European linguistic family. venerable Germanic languages comprised 3 groups eastern hemisphere Germanic, North Germanic and West Germanic. East Germanic languages no longer exist, as they are dead. Only iodin language be to this group is cognize, Gothic, as a writte n document came down to us in this language.It is a translation of the Bible make in the 4th snow A.D. by the Gothic Bishop Ulfilas from the Greek language. Modern Germanic languages embrace 2 groups North Germanic and West Germanic as they have survived until today. The table on a lower floor illustrates their division and distribution. Researchers are not unanimous in their estimation of the number of Germanic languages and their distinction. Until recently Dutch and Flemish were named as recrudesce languages, now in that location is a common term for them the Netherlandic (Netherlandish) (Note 7) language as spoken in The Netherlands, together with the same language in northern Belgium, which is popularly called Flemish. In the European Middle Ages, the language was called Dietsc, or Duutsc, historically equivalent to German Deutsch and meaning simply language of the people, as contrasted with Latin, which was the language of religion and learning.The form Duutsc was borrowe d into English and gives upstart Dutch. The official name of the language is Nederlands, or Netherlandic. In the Netherlands it is also called Hollands (Hollandish), reflecting the concomitant that the standard language is based largely on the dialect of the senior province of Holland (now North Holland and SouthHolland). Frisian and Faroese are regarded as dialects since they are spoken over small politically dependent areas (Note 8) British English and American English are well-nigh sequences thought to be 2 independent languages. By one estimate, the number of people speaking Germanic languages amounts to 440 million (T.A. Rastorguyeva) electropositive an indefinite number of bilingual nations with English spoken as one of the official languages.Old Germanic Languages and their ClassificationThe write up of the Germanic group begins with the mien of what is knownas the Proto-Germanic (PG) language also termed Common or Primitive Germanic, Primitive Teutonic or simple Germ anic. PG is the linguistic ancestor or the parent-language of the Germanic group. It is believed to have split from the IE related tongues sometime among the 15th and 10th c.c.BC. The ancient Germans or Teutons are supposed to have settled on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea in the region of the Elbe. This place is regarded as the most probable original home of the Teutons. PG is an entirely pre-historical language it was neer recorded in written form. In the 19th century it was reconstructed by methods of comparative linguistics from written evidence in descendant languages. It is believed that at the earliest stages of history, PG was one language, though dialectally coloured. In its later stages dialectal differences grew, so that towards the beginning of our era Germanic appears divided into dialectal groups and tribal dialects. Dialectal specialty increased with migrations and geographical expansion of the Teutons ca employ by over population, poor agricultural technique and scanty natural resources in the areas of their original settlement.Earliest records of Germanic tribesThe records of ancient Germanic tribes are based on testimonies by Greek and roman type travellers and geographers. The earliest of them refers to the IV c. B.C. made by Phytheas, a Greek astronomer and geographer who sailed from anuran (France) to the mouth of the river Elbe. He described the tribes of the Teutons. The side by side(p) major de book of accountion of the Teutons came from Julius Caesar, the Roman general and statesman which he left in his book Commentaries on the warfare in Gaul (1 c. BC.) A century later (1 c. A.D.) Pliny the Elder, a Roman naturalist, gave a classification of the Germanic which until quite recently had basically been accepted by modern researchers. According to it, the tribes in 1st c.A.D. comprised 5 major groups which fell into 3 subgroups Eastern Germanic, Western Germanic and Northern Germanic. They were 1) the Vindili 2) the Ingaevones 3 ) The Istsaevones 4)the Hermiones 5) the Hilleveones. Table 2 illustrates this division.A few decades later the Roman historian Tacitus compiled a detailed description of the life and customs of the ancient Teutons where he reproduced Plinys classification ofthe Germanic tribes. Having made a linguistic analysis of several Germanic dialects of later ages, F. Engels came to the conclusion that Plinys classification of the Teutonic tribes accurately reflected the contemporary dialectal division. The traditional tri-partite classification of the Germanic languages was reconsidered and corrected in some recent publications (Rastorgueyva). It appears that the development of the Germanic group was not confined to successive splits it involved some(prenominal) linguistic variety and convergence. It has also been discovered that originally PG split into two main branches and that the tri-partite division marks a later stage of its history.The earliest migration of the Germanic tribes from the lower vale of the Elbe consisted in their lamment north, to the Scandinavian peninsula, a few hundred years before our era. This geographical segregation must have led to linguistic distinction and to the division of PG into the northern and southern branches. At the beginning of our era, some of the tribes returned to the mainland and settled closer to the Vistula basin, east of the other(a)(a) continental Germanic tribes. It is only from this stage of their history that the Germanic languages can be described below three headings East Germanic, North Germanic and West Germanic.Table 2Classification of Ancient Germanic TribesRecordLanguagesTribesSettlement4th c. B.C. Pytheas, Greek astronomer and geographer1st c. B.C. Julius Caesar Roman general and statesman1st c. A.D. Pliny the Elder, Roman naturalist classification of the Germanic tribesEast GermanicThe Vindili (including the Goths and the Burgundians)Eastern part of Germanic territoryWestern GermanicThe IngaevonesN orth-western part of Germanic territory, the shores of the Northern Sea, modern NetherlandsThe IstsaevonesThe western part of the Germanic territory, on the Rhine (the Franks)The HermionesSouthern part of the Germanic territory (southern Germ either)Northern GermanicThe HilleveonesScandinavia 2nd c. A.D. Cornelius Tacitus, Roman historianCharacterized thesocial structure of theold Germanic tribesMaterial market-gardeningAccording to Julius Caesar, the Germans were pastoralists, and the bulk of their foodstuffsmilk, cheese, and meatcame from their flocks and herds. Some farming was also carried out, the main crops beingness grain, root crops, and vegetables. Both the cattle and the horses of the Germans were of poor quality by Roman standards. The Iron Age had begun in Germany about four centuries before the days of Caesar, but even in his time metal appears to have been a luxury material for domestic utensils, most of which were made of wood, leather, or clay. Of the bigger metal objects used by them,most were still made of bronze, though this was not the slip of paper with weapons. Pottery was for the most part still made by hand, and pots turned on the wheel were relatively rare. The microscope stage to which trade was developed in early(a) Germany is obscure.There was certainly a slave trade, and many slaves were interchange to the Romans. Such potters as used the wheeland these were very fewand smiths and miners no doubt sold their products. But in general the average Germanic village is unlikely to have used many objects that had not been made at home. Foreign merchants dealing in Italian as well as Celtic wares were active in Germany in Caesars time and supplied prosperous warriors with such(prenominal) goods as drink and bronze vessels. But from the reign of Augustus onward, there was a huge increase in German imports from the Roman Empire. The German leaders were now able to grease ones palms whole categories of goodsglass vessels, red tablew are, Roman weapons, brooches, statuettes, ornaments of various kinds, and other objectsthat had not reached them before. These Roman products brought their owners much prestige, but how the Germans paid for them is not fully known.WarfareIn the period of the early Roman Empire, German weapons, both offensive and defensive, were characterized by neatage of metal. Their chief weapon was a long lance, and few carried s delivery. Helmets and breastplates were almost unknown. A light wooden or wicker shield, sometimes fitted with an iron rim and sometimes strengthened with leather, was the only defensive weapon. This lack of adequate equipment explains the swift, fierce career with which the Germans would charge the ranks of the heavily armed Romans. If they became entangled in a prolonged, hand-to-hand grapple, where their light shields and thrusting spears were confronted with Roman swords and armour, they had little hope of success. Even by the sixth century, few of the Germanic peo ples had adequate military equipment.Form of GovernmentNo trace of autocracy can be found among the Germans whom Caesar describes. The leading men of the pagi (kindred groups) would try to patch up disputesas they arose, but they acted only in those disputes that broke out between members of their own pagus. There appears to have been no mediatory automobile trunk at this date. In fact, in peacetime there appears to have been no central authority that could issue orders to, or exercise influence over, all the pagi of which any one people was composed. In wartime, according to Caesar, a number of confederate chieftains were elected, but they were joint leaders and held office only in time of war. By Tacitus time a new type of military chieftainship had come into being. For this office only the members of a recognized royal clan, such as is known to have existed among the 1st-century Cherusci and Batavians, the sixth-century Heruli, and others, were eligible. Any member of this royal clan was eligible for election, and the chieftainship was in no way hereditary. A chief of this type held office for life and had ghostly as well as military duties.He could be overruled by the council of the leading men, and his proposals to the general gathering of the warriors might be rejected by them. The degree of his influence depended largely on his own personal qualities. A rudimentary judicial apparatus had come into existence among the Germanic peoples by Tacitus time. The general assembly elected a number of the leading men to act as judges, and these judges traveled through the villages to hear private suits. Each of them was accompany by 100 attendants to lend authority to his decisions. A person who was found guilty by these judges had to pay a number of horses or cattle symmetric to the gravity of his offense. But many disputes (e.g., those arising from homicide, wounding, or theft) continued to be settled by the kindreds themselves, and the blood feuds to which they gave rise might continue from generation to generation.Long afterwards the conversion to Christianity the German rulers found it difficult to stamp out the blood feud. .The monarchy did not become fully established in the Germanic world until German peoples had settled as federates inside the Roman Empire, and the leaders of the Ostrogoths in Italy, the Visigoths in Gaul and Spain, the Vandals in Africa, and so on are the first Germanic kings. opposite famous German chieftains in this period, such as Athanaric and Alaric, who either lived outside the Roman frontier or whose peoples were not federates settled in the provinces under a treaty (foedus) to defend the frontier, seem to have had little more personal authority than the leaders described by Tacitus.Conversion to ChristianityEvidence suggests that before the cling of the Western Roman Empire in 476, none of the great Germanic peoples was converted to Christianity while still living outside the Roman frontier, but tha t all the Germanic peoples who moved into the Roman provinces before that date were converted to Christianity within a generation. The Vandals seem to have been converted when in Spain in 409429, the Burgundians when in eastern Gaul in 412436, and the Ostrogoths when in the province of Pannonia about 456472. In all these cases the Germans embraced the Arian form of Christianity (Note 9) none of the major Germanic peoples became officially Catholic until the conversion of the Franks under Clovis (496) and of the Burgundians under Sigismund. The reason for their adoption of Arianism rather than Catholicism is very obscure. The last Germanic people on the European continent to be converted to Christianity were the Old Saxons (second half of the 8th century), while the Scandinavian peoples were converted in the 10th century. England had been converted in the 7th century.Germanic Alphabets and Old Germanic WritingsGermanic tribes used 3 different alphabets for their composings which par tly succeeded each other in time. The earliest of these was the Runic alphabet (Note 10) each separate letter being called a rune. The word rune originally meant secret, mystery and hence came to denote inscriptions believed to be magic. According to scholars, this alphabet was derived either from Latin or from some other Italic alphabet, close to Latin, in the 2nd c. A.D. somewhere on the Rhine or the Danube where the Germanic tribes came into contact with Roman culture. This alphabet was used by such tribes as the Goths, Anglo-Saxons and Scandinavians. The runes were used as letters, each symbol indicating a separate secure. Besides, a rune could also represent a word beginning with that sound and was called by that word. For example, the rune denoted the sound , was called thorn and could stand for OE orn(NE thorn).The letters of the runic alphabet are angular, straight lines are preferred, curved lines are avoided. This is due to the fact thatrunic inscriptions were cut in har d material stone, bone or wood. The shapes of some letters resemble those of Greek and Latin others have not been traced to any known alphabet. The number of runes in different OG languages varied from 28 to 33 runes in Britain against 16 or 24 on the continent. That is the number of runes in England was larger new runes were added as new sounds appeared in English. Neither on the mainland nor in Britain were the runes ever used for everyday writing or for putting down metrical composition and prose works. Their main function was to make short inscriptions on objects, often to bestow on them some special power or magic. The two best known runic inscriptions in England are the earliest extant OE written records.One of them is an inscription on a box called the Franks Casket, the other is a short text on a stone cross known as the Ruthwell Cross. The Franks Casket was discovered in the early years of the 19th c. In France, and was presented to the British Museum by a British archeolo gist A.W. Frank. The Casket is a small box of whale bone its four sides are carved there are pictures in the centre and runic inscription around. The longest of them, in alliterative verse, tells the story of the whale bone, of which the Casket is made. The Ruthwell Cross is a 15ft tall cross inscribed and ornamented on all sides. The principal inscription has been reconstructed into a passage from an OE religious poem The Dream of the Rood, in which Christs Passion is told from the horizontal surface of view of the Cross on which he was crucified. The Cross speaks Ic ws mi blodi bistemid (Old English translation) (I was with blood bedewed).Many runic inscriptions were preserved on weapons, coins, amulets, tombstones, rings, various cross fragments. Some runic insertions occur in OE manuscripts written in Latin characters. The total number of runic inscriptions in OE is about 40 the last of them belong to the end of the OE period. Next came Ulfialas Gothic alphabet used in his tran slation of the Bible. Its a peculiar alphabet based on the Greek alphabet with some admixture of Latin and Runic letters. (The Gothic alphabet should not be confused with the so-called Gothic script which is used in German writings and is a modified version of Latin script). The latest alphabet to be used by the Germanic tribes is the Latin alphabet. It superceded both the Runic and the Gothic alphabets when a new technique of writing was introduced, namely that of spreading some colour or paint on a surface instead of cutting or engraving the letters.The material used forwriting was either parchment or papyrus. Introduction of the Latin alphabet accompanied the spread of Christianity and Christian religious texts written in Latin. Since the Latin alphabet was adequate to represent all the sounds of Germanic languages, it was adapted to the peculiar needs of the separate languages. For example, to denote the dental fricative , the runic was used (derived from Latin D). Ulfilass Bi ble, otherwise called the Silver Code (Codex Argenteus) is kept in Sweden. Along with other OG writings, next comes the Old High German Song of Hilderbrandt, a fragment of an epic, 8th century, and the Beowulf, an OE epic, probably written in the 8th c. Then come Old Icelandic epic texts collected in the so-called Older Edda comprising songs written down in the 13 c. A most important role in the history of the English language was played by the introduction of Christianity.The first attempt to introduce the Roman Christian religion was made in the 6th century during the supremacy of Kent. In 597 a group of missionaries from Rome dispatched by Pope Gregory the Great landed on the shore of Kent. They made Canterbury their centre and from there the new faith expanded to Kent, East Anglia, Essex, and other places. The movement was supported from the north missionaries from Ireland brought the Celtic variety of Christianity to Northumbria. In less than a century much all England became C hristianized. The introduction of Christianity gave a strong impetus to the growth of learning and culture.Monasteries were founded all over the country, with monastic schools attached. Religious service and teaching were conducted in Latin. A high standard of learning was reached in the best English monasteries, especially in Northumbria as early as the 8th and 9th centuries. During the Scandinavian invasions the Northumbrian culture was largely wiped out and English culture shifted to the southern kingdoms, most of all to Wessex, during the reign of Alfred the Great. From that time till the end of the OE period, Wessex with its capital at Winchester remained the cultural centre of England. OE scribes used two kinds of alphabet runic and Latin.The bulk of the OE records is written in Latin characters but the scribes made certain modifications and additions to indicate OE sounds. Like any alphabetic writing, OE writing was based on a phonic principle every letter indicated a separa te sound. This principle, however, was not always observed, even at the earliest stages of phonic spelling. Some OE letters indicated two or more sounds some letters stoodfor positional variants of phonemes a and . Fricatives stood for 2 sounds each a voiced and a confidential informationed consonant. The letters could indicate short and long sounds. The length of the vowels is shown by a macron or by a line above the letter long consonants are indicated by a double letter.Linguistic Features of Germanic LanguagesPhonetic peculiarities of Germanic Languages. Word Stress and its role in further development of Germanic languagesIn ancient IE, prior to the separation of Germanic, there existed two ways of word accentuation musical pitch and force tenseness (otherwise called dynamic, expiratory or breath distort). The position of the stress was movable and free, which means that it could fall on any syllable of the word a root morpheme, an affix or an ending and could be shifted b oth in form building and word-building. (cf. Russian , , , etc.). But these properties of the word accent were changed in PG. Force or expiratory stress became the only type of stress used. The stress was now fixed on the first syllable, which was usually the root of the word and sometimes the prefix the other syllables suffixes and endings were unstressed.The stress could no longer move either in form-building or in word-building. This phenomenon has played an important role in the development of the Germanic languages, and especially in phonetic and morphological changes. delinquent to the difference in the force of articulation, the stressed and unstressed syllables underwent different changes accented syllables were pronounced with great distinctness and precision, while unaccented became less distinct and were phonetically weakened. The differences between the sounds in stressed position were preserved and emphasised, whereas the contrasts between the unaccented sounds were weakened and lost. Since the stress was fixed on the root, the weakening and loss of sounds mainly alter the suffixes and grammatic endings. Many ending integrated with the suffixes, were weakened and dropped. E.g. (the reconstructed word )PG *fiskaz Goth fisks Oicel fiscr OE fiscThe First or Proto-Germanic Consonant Shift (Grimms Law)Comparison with other languages within the IE family reveals regular correspondences between Germanic and non-Germanic consonants. It looks as if the Germanic consonants shifted as compared with their non-Germanic counterparts. This phenomenon was first observed and later formulated in terms of phonetic law (1822) by (Rasmus Rask and Jacob Grimm. Hence its name- Grimms Law. By Grimms Law, which includes 3 acts, voiceless plosives (stops) developed in PG into voiceless fricatives (1 act) voiced aspirated plosives were shifted to pure voiced plosives or voiced fricatives and voiced plosives changed into voiceless plosives (stops).The Danish scholar Kar l Verner was the first to explain them as the result of further development of Germanic languages. According to Verner, all the early PG voiceless fricatives f, , h which arose under Grimms Law, became voiced between vowels if the preceding vowel was unstressed otherwise they remained voiceless. The voicing of fricatives occurred in early PG at the time when the stress was not yet fixed on the root-morpheme. f v- b seofon d O Icel. hundra hundert h g Goth. swaihro OE sweger s z r Lat. auris Goth. auso Icel. eyra (ear) The change of z into r is called rhotacism.As a result of voicing, there arose an interchange of consonants in the grammatical forms of the word, termed grammatical interchange. Part of theforms retained a voiceless fricative, while other forms acquired a voiced fricative. For example, heffen (Inf.) huob Past sg.) heave ceosan (choose) curon (Past pl.). Some modern English words retained traces of Verners Law death dead was- were, raise rear. Throughout hi story, PG vowels displayed a strong tendency to change. The changes were of the following kinds qualitative and quantitative, dependent and independent.Qualitative changes proceed the quality of the sound, for example o a or p f quantitative changes are those which make long sounds short or short sounds long. For example, i i dependent changes are cut back to certain positions when a sound may change under the influence of the neighbouring sounds or in a certain type of a syllable independent changes or regular (spontaneous) take place irrespective of phonetic conditions, that is they may affect a certain sound in all positions. In accented syllables the oppositions between vowels were carefully maintained and the number of stressed vowels grew. In unaccented positions the original contrasts between vowels were weakened or lost the distinction of short and long vowels in unstressed syllables had been shortened.As for originally short vowels, they tended to be reduced to a neutr al sound, losing their qualitative distinctions and were often dropped in unstressed final syllables (fiskaz). Strict eminence of long and short vowels is regarded as an important characteristic of the Germanic group. Long vowels tended to become closer and to diphthongize, short vowels often changed into more open vowels. IE short o changed in Germanic into more open vowel a and thus ceased to be distinguished from the original IE a in other words in PG they merged into o. IE long a was narrowed to o and merged with o. For example, Lat. nox Goth. nahts Lat. mater OE modor Sans. bhrata OE broor .

The Place You Most Loved to Spend Time as a Child.

? Topic The place you most loved to spend clip as a child. Ma Vios Kitchen Today, nineteen years after the passing of my grandmother, her kitchen looks the aforesaid(prenominal) with its w boths in the same pastel orange and green she had painted it in so many years ago. The floral patterns that were through with(p) by my cousins and I using ochoes that she had cut in half and potatoes which she carved flowers from to make stamps that we gleefully plunge in containers of paint and placed on the w entirely hap-hazardly to form various patterns.I remembered her being so delighted in the end product that I dont think there was a neighbour, friend or visitor that my grandmother didnt boast to ab prohibited her beautiful kitchen wall hat was so artfully ornament by her clearly talented grand children. I look at those walls to day and sometimes put-on at what persons out side of her family may have thought of her walls of art that anyone could have see were embellish by children all under the age of eleven.Walls that have been laquered to preserve what Ma Vio, as she was lovingly called by everyone, considered a masterpiece that not even the most renowned of painters could have done with such perfection. My fondest memories however, be not of the many different art projects that Ma Vio encouraged us into doing on her huge kitchen evade but of the aromas drifting out of that little haven off of her livingroom. I remembered how she used to have these boastfully bottles filled with all different types of homemade treats lined off on top of the kitchen counter.. ed mangoes, stewed tamarind, tulum, benee balls, sugar cake, fudge you name it Ma Vio made it. Boy Dont even get me started on her bread bin that never seemed to run out of mouth watering cakes and pastries. coconut tarts, lemon bread, drops, truffle butter cookies and my favourite banana bread. Mmmhmmm . I can smell it all now. fresh out of the oven. Her pound cake and whole grain bread were what my b rother used to call the bestest in all of Trinidad and Tobago, you couldnt find a bakery for miles with anything that good.You ever had homemade bread where you felt as if you had anything at all with it youd spoil the taste? Thats how everyone felt about Ma Vios bread. Its good when accompanied by a change but its best when eaten by itself. Ma Vios Kitchen smelled like christmas morning almost everyday as she was invariably busy making or baking something. Her kitchen was my own little snack heaven where everything that came from there seemed to taste surplus good. By Havilanna Davidson

Food Poisoning Essay

These people have never met each early(a), they may live on the same passage or live on the opposite side of the world, they go int know what each other look like, but they exclusively have one thing in common they are all living victims of pabulum poisoning. Some people think that feed poisoning was the worst experience of their lives. It is of the essence(predicate) to recognize that anyone who eats or drinks anything is at risk of having a food borne affection. Lets deoxidise on bacterial food poisoning and how it occurs, the common bacterial culprits and some precautionary dance steps to subdue becoming infected with bacterial food poisoning.Food poisoning is a general term for illness or health problems that arise due to ingesting contaminated food. The main convey of food poisoning is bacterial toxins. Food poisoning occurs when a bacteria that is in food is prompted to pose and reproduce. Bacteria thrive in warm temperatures and an environment full of moisture. Wh en the conditions are pay, bacteria bed grow from one to several million in just eight hours. The problem arises when instead of producing millions of bacteria, there is less but more venomous bacteria or there are a huge amount of bacteria that cause the problems at bottom the body.For example, Jill comes home afterward school and she only has a few minutes to get ready for work, she is starving but doesnt have time to make anything. There is a leftover hamburger that her roommates left out. She eats the hamburger and goes on her way to work. A few hours later, she starts to feel some discomfort. She wonders why her offer hurts and then all of a sudden begins to vomit. This is a perfect example of how food poisoning bed happen. The food was already cooked so it was warm, then it is allowed to sit out at room temperature for who knows how long. The bacteria great deal thrive in this environment.Not only are there many ways that bacteria evoke infect people, there are als o many different kinds of bacteria. There are an abundance of bacteria that cause illnesses and they exist virtually everywhere on your skin, the soil, even the desk in front of you. Fortunately though, they put one acrosst make you ill unless they are allowed to grow and infect you. Of the thousands of choices of bacteria, I will focus on two of the most prevalent that infect the food you eat Salmonella and E. coli. According to the Centers for Disease Control, Salmonella accounts for approximately 30,000 confirm food poisoning cases yearly, with 600 deaths nationwide.Salmonella is found among the intestinal tracts of humans and animals it produces an intestinal infection with symptoms arising 12 to 24 hours after infection. Infection occurs from contamination of ready to eat foods, insufficient cooking or improper cooking (like with the beefburger example. ) Usually beef, poultry, milk, and eggs are most often infected with salmonella. If eggs are contaminated, using piercing e ggs in sauces such as Caesar, or eating raw cookie dough can cause illness. This also includes any mayonnaise based sauces they are often left in a warm environment and will likely cause illness.However, with more severe strains, bacteria can grow at refrigeration temperatures and so proper heating must be implemented. Another common bacterium to cause serious infection is Eshcerichia coli (E. coli). Symptoms include abdominal cramps and diarrhea and in more severe cases, cause Shiga toxin dysenteria (bloody diarrhea). Food sources such as sausages, unpasteurized juices and milk, dried (non-cooked) salami, ground beef and various vegetables have been know to cause outbreaks. Most E. coli doesnt harm humans and can be killed by proper heating. affluent about what the bacteria is, lets see how to prevent all of this from happening. The best way to empty becoming infected is to prevent it. According to the FDA, (Food and Drug Administration) there are four simple rules to distract co mmon bacterial infections associated with foods. The first one is to clean. Always clean your hands and surfaces. Dont confound tasks without washing hands especially when using raw products. Make sure food is cooked to the proper temperature, if step one fails, this will kill off any remaining bacteria. Make sure to separate foods and dont mix vegetables with meat until after they are properly cooked.Lastly, either eat your food right after cooking, or refrigerate it. Bacteria cannot grow at cold temperatures. While at a restaurant, if your food seems cold, send it back, as it has probably been sitting out for a while. As previously stated, food poisoning is an illness that affects many people in the United States daily. After learning about what food poisoning is and how it effects human bodies, the two main types of bacteria and how to prevent food poisoning, one should be better informed about the dangers of bacteria and the effectivety measures that are needed to ensure that food is safe for others to consume.